How decentralised is OpenSim?
A look at a virtual worlds system which is so decentralised that nothing is "official"
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It's hilarious how Decentraland declares itself "the first decentralized Metaverse". It isn't really decentralised. The only thing decentralised about it is that it is not using the Bitcoin blockchain. And even if it was decentralised, it wouldn't be the first. Far from it.
Decentraland was opened to the public in February, 2020. OpenSimulator came out in January, 2007. A bit over 13 years earlier. And unlike Decentraland which is actually a centralised, monolithic, walled-garden world, OpenSim is actually decentralised. Right now, there are over 4,000 individual, fully independent worlds, so-called "grids". And in summer 2008, OpenSim introduced the Hypergrid which made it possible for avatars to teleport from one grid to another, taking their looks, their inventories etc. with them. More than 95% of all grids are connected to the Hypergrid today.
One could say it's like the Fediverse. But there are a few differences.
For one, OpenSim does not connect to anything else, only to itself and its own various forks. Even that story of Lindens allegedly teleporting from Second Life to OpenSim back in 2008 was nothing but a dolled-up and completely faked publicity stunt with the extra implication that this could never be made to work properly, probably to dampen Second Life users' hopes that they could go freebie-shopping and grab cheap land on the Hypergrid with their existing avatars.
Besides, OpenSim takes decentralisation even further than most of the Fediverse.
This starts with the lack of an official "lighthouse grid". There is no official grid.
Yes, you may say there is OSgrid. It was the first public grid, it is the oldest grid and one out of only two surviving grids from the 2000s, and it is used as a testbed for OpenSim development.
But it is not official in the sense of "OpenSim itself" being behind it.
OpenSim itself, that's about five hobbyist, spare-time developers, only one of whom, Ubit Umarov, actually acts as a coder because he doesn't let anyone else's code in. There is no CEO. There is no management. There actually is nothing else. Only these few plus a homepage/wiki, a code repository and a Mantis bug tracker. That's all there is about OpenSim itself.
To my best knowledge, none of the five devs is an OSgrid admin at the same time. The OpenSim devs don't run their own grid either. There isn't even a single official OpenSim sim.
Ubit himself has only got one standard-region-sized sim in OSgrid which he hosts himself somewhere, and which he calls home. I've actually been there with the HG Safari a couple years ago. It isn't even listed on OpenSimWorld.
Speaking of which, OpenSimWorld is a kind of central hub for the Hypergrid. It's a sim catalogue, an event calendar, a discussion platform for the community, a script repository and so forth. But what it is not is affiliated with OpenSim itself. None of the devs are behind it. It's actually operated by Satyr Aeon, creator of the Satyr Farm, the sailing script system SFsail and the animation controller SFposer.
It gets even better: The vast majority of grids doesn't even run vanilla OpenSim. The huge majority of grids, especially but not only small personal grids, are based on Outworldz DreamGrid, a Windows-only OpenSim fork and distribution that's entirely controlled via a native Windows point-and-click user interface. It's particularly attractive for those who want to have their main avatar under their own jurisdiction instead of someone else's.
Also, to my best knowledge, OSgrid is the only one of the big grids that runs vanilla code. The devs rely on it for finding bugs and the like. The other big grids run forks. Some of them like Kitely and ZetaWorlds have their own forks which are often proprietary and closed-source because Ubit doesn't accept code donations anyway. @Lone Wolf's Wolf Territories, the biggest grid at least by land mass, run on OpenSim-Tranquility, a fork originally made for Utopia Skye Grid by its admin.
There are no official OpenSim events either. The yearly OpenSimulator Community Conference uses two subdomains of OpenSim's, one for the website, one for its own grid, but it's still independent. Hypergrid International Expo? Even more independent and at home in Craft-World. OpenSimFest (no operational website currently)? In spite of the name, an independent third-party event yet again. If there's anything official, it's official for a certain grid, for example grid birthdays like OSgrid's upcoming OSG18B, or for a certain organisation that's present in OpenSim.
All this also means that, like in the Fediverse, there is no overarching anything in OpenSim, no organisation that could advertise OpenSim, not even any rule-making. One side-effect is that sim owners can not only make their own rules, but they can bend rules that one may expect to be fixed to their liking. While some OpenSim users assume, and often correctly, that OpenSim's definitions of the three sim ratings which it shares with Second Life are the same as in Second Life, there are sim owners who have one-sidedly re-defined the Adult rating as "same as General, PG-rated, but no child avatars allowed" to keep actual, potential or alleged paedos out. As if this couldn't be done any other way.
Altogether, after 18 years of OpenSim and 17 years of the Hypergrid, it's still very much a frontier, and it will remain a frontier. Even more so than the Fediverse.
Decentraland was opened to the public in February, 2020. OpenSimulator came out in January, 2007. A bit over 13 years earlier. And unlike Decentraland which is actually a centralised, monolithic, walled-garden world, OpenSim is actually decentralised. Right now, there are over 4,000 individual, fully independent worlds, so-called "grids". And in summer 2008, OpenSim introduced the Hypergrid which made it possible for avatars to teleport from one grid to another, taking their looks, their inventories etc. with them. More than 95% of all grids are connected to the Hypergrid today.
One could say it's like the Fediverse. But there are a few differences.
For one, OpenSim does not connect to anything else, only to itself and its own various forks. Even that story of Lindens allegedly teleporting from Second Life to OpenSim back in 2008 was nothing but a dolled-up and completely faked publicity stunt with the extra implication that this could never be made to work properly, probably to dampen Second Life users' hopes that they could go freebie-shopping and grab cheap land on the Hypergrid with their existing avatars.
Besides, OpenSim takes decentralisation even further than most of the Fediverse.
This starts with the lack of an official "lighthouse grid". There is no official grid.
Yes, you may say there is OSgrid. It was the first public grid, it is the oldest grid and one out of only two surviving grids from the 2000s, and it is used as a testbed for OpenSim development.
But it is not official in the sense of "OpenSim itself" being behind it.
OpenSim itself, that's about five hobbyist, spare-time developers, only one of whom, Ubit Umarov, actually acts as a coder because he doesn't let anyone else's code in. There is no CEO. There is no management. There actually is nothing else. Only these few plus a homepage/wiki, a code repository and a Mantis bug tracker. That's all there is about OpenSim itself.
To my best knowledge, none of the five devs is an OSgrid admin at the same time. The OpenSim devs don't run their own grid either. There isn't even a single official OpenSim sim.
Ubit himself has only got one standard-region-sized sim in OSgrid which he hosts himself somewhere, and which he calls home. I've actually been there with the HG Safari a couple years ago. It isn't even listed on OpenSimWorld.
Speaking of which, OpenSimWorld is a kind of central hub for the Hypergrid. It's a sim catalogue, an event calendar, a discussion platform for the community, a script repository and so forth. But what it is not is affiliated with OpenSim itself. None of the devs are behind it. It's actually operated by Satyr Aeon, creator of the Satyr Farm, the sailing script system SFsail and the animation controller SFposer.
It gets even better: The vast majority of grids doesn't even run vanilla OpenSim. The huge majority of grids, especially but not only small personal grids, are based on Outworldz DreamGrid, a Windows-only OpenSim fork and distribution that's entirely controlled via a native Windows point-and-click user interface. It's particularly attractive for those who want to have their main avatar under their own jurisdiction instead of someone else's.
Also, to my best knowledge, OSgrid is the only one of the big grids that runs vanilla code. The devs rely on it for finding bugs and the like. The other big grids run forks. Some of them like Kitely and ZetaWorlds have their own forks which are often proprietary and closed-source because Ubit doesn't accept code donations anyway. @Lone Wolf's Wolf Territories, the biggest grid at least by land mass, run on OpenSim-Tranquility, a fork originally made for Utopia Skye Grid by its admin.
There are no official OpenSim events either. The yearly OpenSimulator Community Conference uses two subdomains of OpenSim's, one for the website, one for its own grid, but it's still independent. Hypergrid International Expo? Even more independent and at home in Craft-World. OpenSimFest (no operational website currently)? In spite of the name, an independent third-party event yet again. If there's anything official, it's official for a certain grid, for example grid birthdays like OSgrid's upcoming OSG18B, or for a certain organisation that's present in OpenSim.
All this also means that, like in the Fediverse, there is no overarching anything in OpenSim, no organisation that could advertise OpenSim, not even any rule-making. One side-effect is that sim owners can not only make their own rules, but they can bend rules that one may expect to be fixed to their liking. While some OpenSim users assume, and often correctly, that OpenSim's definitions of the three sim ratings which it shares with Second Life are the same as in Second Life, there are sim owners who have one-sidedly re-defined the Adult rating as "same as General, PG-rated, but no child avatars allowed" to keep actual, potential or alleged paedos out. As if this couldn't be done any other way.
Altogether, after 18 years of OpenSim and 17 years of the Hypergrid, it's still very much a frontier, and it will remain a frontier. Even more so than the Fediverse.
Avatars are always digital twins? How about no?
Surprising revelation: Virtual world users don't necessarily want their avatar to be their digital self. In fact, they don't necessarily only want to have one avatar.
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During the Metaverse hype of 2022, you could often read statements like, "In the future, everyone will have an avatar."
This practically always meant that everyone would have one avatar. This avatar would be their digital twin, as close to their real-life self as possible. And, as New World Notes point out, Horizon is entirely based on this idea.
Mark Zuckerberg had Meta Horizon, what most people think "The Metaverse" refers to, designed around this idea. And with hardly any way to deviate from it. He wants Horizon to be 3-D Facebook with everyone having an avatar on Horizon, only one avatar, and that avatar must be the digital representation of their real-life selves. Just like he wants everyone to be themselves on Facebook by having nicknames banned early on. Horizon was and still is planned to become 3-D Facebook.
This, however, is one out of several signs that Zuckerberg doesn't know anything about virtual worlds. As shown in the link above, Zuckerberg knows that there has been something called Second Life, but I'm not sure whether he knows that Second Life still exists. And he definitely doesn't know what Second Life is like. Even though Cory Ondrejka, who is behind Facebook's acquisition of Oculus, used to be a Linden himself. But Zuck doesn't care what people say. He knows everything better. He isn't the Meta CEO and a multi-billionnaire for nothing. And they aren't.
Of course, if you talk about virtual worlds with people who have never used virtual worlds yet, at least not with avatars of their own, this is generally their idea of how virtual worlds are used. Mass media generally follow the same notion and even amplify it by spreading it. In the future, you'll have a digital twin in the Metaverse. That's how it's done. Could it possibly be any different?
In the virtual worlds which exist today, it is different. Very different.
Perfect places to prove people wrong are Second Life and OpenSim-based worlds. Compared with Roblox or Rec Room or VRChat or other platforms, their avatars are fairly realistic which, you may think, should make life-like digital twins even more life-like.
Now, just get yourself an avatar in Second Life or on some OpenSim grid, preferably one connected to the Hypergrid, but most are. Go to some event where a lot of avatars have gathered like a club party with a DJ. Look at the avatars that are there.
And then ask yourself: "Do all these people look like this in real life?"
Because everyone will look like a combination of a super-model and a dolled-up Instagram influencer. At the very least. Especially the female avatars. They all have big boobs, they all have big butts, they all have big, voluptuous lips. Almost all have long, lush manes. In OpenSim probably more than in Second Life, they're dressed in ways that you couldn't imagine digital avatars to be possible to dress in. Or real-life women, for that matter. Some of the ladies will be dancing on six-inch platforms with twelve-inch spike heels, regardless of the underground.
Also, in OpenSim probably more than in Second Life, female avatars in particular may be outright unnatural. Humongous breasts which nonetheless no gravity seems to be tugging on in spite of the obvious lack of a bra. Hips at least twice as wide as the waist. Thighs that they could fit their heads into.
Male avatars aren't quite as extreme. But if you see male avatars with an open shirt or topless, they always have chiseled abs.
If you really think they're all digital twins of their users, think twice. Especially about the female avatars with the outrageously unrealistic body measurements that are completely impossible in real life. Even disregarding these, the "digital twin" logic means you must have stumbled into some unguarded super-model meet-up. Until you discover that avatars look like this everywhere.
Also, look around again. How many avatars are female, how many are male? You'll notice that female avatars are the majority. Again, if you spend some more time looking around and meeting avatars, you'll discover that female avatars are the majority in general.
So, does this mean that many more women use Second Life and OpenSim than men? But why?
No, they don't.
Here's the truth: Just because an avatar is female, doesn't mean the owner is female.
Second Life is so very very much not 3-D Facebook. It never aimed to be 3-D Facebook, not only because it pre-dates Facebook by several years, but also because the name "Second Life" indicates that your avatar can live a life independent from your real life without being "digital you".
Oh, and by the way:
If you don't believe any of this: I personally know a whole bunch of female OpenSim avatars with guys behind them. In three cases, it's blatantly obvious: Two of them have weekly DJ gigs, the third one DJs on particular occasions, and all three announce by voice. In all three cases, there are guys talking. Only one of them has a male DJ alt, but you have to address to his female main for song requests.
It becomes blatantly obvious that remaking your real-life self in Second Life and OpenSim is not only not the primary goal, but undesired once you start customising your own avatar. Unlike other virtual world platforms, Second Life and OpenSim don't do this in some avatar appearance editor with nothing but switches and sliders, nor do they rely on imported monolithic avatars à la Ready Player Me. There is no way of scanning yourself or even only importing a photograph of your face and using that for your avatar.
Instead, you have to piece your avatar together. And you have to acquire these pieces into your inventory first. Said pieces were all made by users as opposed to being supplied by the same people who develop the worlds.
You need a body. You almost always need a separate head. You need a set of skin textures. You need hair. And that's just the basic building blocks; I'm not talking about clothes and accessories yet.
Now look at what you can get. Everything is geared towards young, beautiful, sexy. Where's the chubbier stuff? Where's the elderly stuff? In fact, where's the normal stuff? You may discover variants of female mesh bodies or add-ons for female mesh bodies with more realistically-sized breasts, usually marketed as something like "petite". But since everyone is used to standard big boobs, many users consider these bodies not realistic, but underage and their users potential paedophiles.
Why is there no more normal stuff? Because there's too little demand for it. It simply isn't worth making. Go figure. And remember that all these bodies, these heads, these skins, this hair and all the clothes and accessories for your avatar come from the community.
In fact, one reason why so many guys have female avatars, often even female main avatars, is because you've got many many more customisation options for female avatars, especially clothes. Both Second Life and OpenSim are full-blown menswear ghettos.
It's partially a vicious circle and partially self-fulfilling. It's commonly said that women basically need a walk-in wardrobe whereas a guy needs one shirt, one pair of jeans and one pair of shoes. But often, the reason why male avatars rarely change their outfits is because they don't have that much to choose from in the first place. Menswear is considered not worth making at such a variety.
So while men are more inclined to outfit their avatars once and then leave them like this for all eternity whereas women are more inclined to "play Barbie" giving their avatars a different outfit each day, there certainly are guys who want to be virtual dressmen. And if they can't "play Ken" with a male avatar the way they want, they resort to "playing Barbie" instead and getting themselves a female avatar.
Of course, there are many other reasons to make an opposite-gender avatar. Women may want to avoid sleazy guys by having a male avatar. Both may want to experiment with how an opposite-gender avatar is made, or they need one to test opposite-gender clothes and outfits before selling them. Just a few examples.
This is actually one of the nice things about virtual worlds: You can be what you want to be. Your avatar doesn't have to be your digital self. You can choose to try and model it after you, but you've also got the choice not to do that. You can even roleplay if you want to. And if you want to play different roles, many worlds let you create multiple avatars with different identities.
It isn't wise for a virtual world to force its users to have only one avatar and make it a digital copy of their real-life selves. Not because the owners of the world "say so". Not because it's their corporate philosophy. Especially not because it's unimaginable to them that virtual world users would not make their avatars their digital twins.
A vital lesson that virtual world companies need to learn from existing virtual worlds instead of disregarding them entirely and re-inventing the wheel from zero again.
This practically always meant that everyone would have one avatar. This avatar would be their digital twin, as close to their real-life self as possible. And, as New World Notes point out, Horizon is entirely based on this idea.
Mark Zuckerberg had Meta Horizon, what most people think "The Metaverse" refers to, designed around this idea. And with hardly any way to deviate from it. He wants Horizon to be 3-D Facebook with everyone having an avatar on Horizon, only one avatar, and that avatar must be the digital representation of their real-life selves. Just like he wants everyone to be themselves on Facebook by having nicknames banned early on. Horizon was and still is planned to become 3-D Facebook.
This, however, is one out of several signs that Zuckerberg doesn't know anything about virtual worlds. As shown in the link above, Zuckerberg knows that there has been something called Second Life, but I'm not sure whether he knows that Second Life still exists. And he definitely doesn't know what Second Life is like. Even though Cory Ondrejka, who is behind Facebook's acquisition of Oculus, used to be a Linden himself. But Zuck doesn't care what people say. He knows everything better. He isn't the Meta CEO and a multi-billionnaire for nothing. And they aren't.
Of course, if you talk about virtual worlds with people who have never used virtual worlds yet, at least not with avatars of their own, this is generally their idea of how virtual worlds are used. Mass media generally follow the same notion and even amplify it by spreading it. In the future, you'll have a digital twin in the Metaverse. That's how it's done. Could it possibly be any different?
In the virtual worlds which exist today, it is different. Very different.
Perfect places to prove people wrong are Second Life and OpenSim-based worlds. Compared with Roblox or Rec Room or VRChat or other platforms, their avatars are fairly realistic which, you may think, should make life-like digital twins even more life-like.
Now, just get yourself an avatar in Second Life or on some OpenSim grid, preferably one connected to the Hypergrid, but most are. Go to some event where a lot of avatars have gathered like a club party with a DJ. Look at the avatars that are there.
And then ask yourself: "Do all these people look like this in real life?"
Because everyone will look like a combination of a super-model and a dolled-up Instagram influencer. At the very least. Especially the female avatars. They all have big boobs, they all have big butts, they all have big, voluptuous lips. Almost all have long, lush manes. In OpenSim probably more than in Second Life, they're dressed in ways that you couldn't imagine digital avatars to be possible to dress in. Or real-life women, for that matter. Some of the ladies will be dancing on six-inch platforms with twelve-inch spike heels, regardless of the underground.
Also, in OpenSim probably more than in Second Life, female avatars in particular may be outright unnatural. Humongous breasts which nonetheless no gravity seems to be tugging on in spite of the obvious lack of a bra. Hips at least twice as wide as the waist. Thighs that they could fit their heads into.
Male avatars aren't quite as extreme. But if you see male avatars with an open shirt or topless, they always have chiseled abs.
If you really think they're all digital twins of their users, think twice. Especially about the female avatars with the outrageously unrealistic body measurements that are completely impossible in real life. Even disregarding these, the "digital twin" logic means you must have stumbled into some unguarded super-model meet-up. Until you discover that avatars look like this everywhere.
Also, look around again. How many avatars are female, how many are male? You'll notice that female avatars are the majority. Again, if you spend some more time looking around and meeting avatars, you'll discover that female avatars are the majority in general.
So, does this mean that many more women use Second Life and OpenSim than men? But why?
No, they don't.
Here's the truth: Just because an avatar is female, doesn't mean the owner is female.
Second Life is so very very much not 3-D Facebook. It never aimed to be 3-D Facebook, not only because it pre-dates Facebook by several years, but also because the name "Second Life" indicates that your avatar can live a life independent from your real life without being "digital you".
Oh, and by the way:
- Second Life avatars have a forename and a surname. But the surname has never been a free-text field. At most, you have a list of surnames to choose one from. So no naming your avatar like yourself unless your family name just happens to be offered in Second Life, and even then only if nobody else has chosen that name before you.
- Second Life lets you have more than one avatar. Linden Lab doesn't really like it when their users create so-called alts for themselves, but it's possible. And it's commonplace.
- Alts are even more commonplace in OpenSim. For starters, you can have multiple avatars with the same name on multiple grids. Besides, there are fewer obstacles in creating alts, even on the same grid. In OpenSim, it's even more common to have alts for various purposes.
- As indicated in the first link, one out of three male users of virtual worlds have female main avatars.
- Also, as indicated in the first link, one out of ten female users of virtual worlds have male main avatars.
- Again, they may always have alts. Just because a guy has a male main, doesn't mean he doesn't have at least one female alt somewhere.
- According to estimations, behind every other female avatar in Second Life and OpenSim, there's a male user.
If you don't believe any of this: I personally know a whole bunch of female OpenSim avatars with guys behind them. In three cases, it's blatantly obvious: Two of them have weekly DJ gigs, the third one DJs on particular occasions, and all three announce by voice. In all three cases, there are guys talking. Only one of them has a male DJ alt, but you have to address to his female main for song requests.
It becomes blatantly obvious that remaking your real-life self in Second Life and OpenSim is not only not the primary goal, but undesired once you start customising your own avatar. Unlike other virtual world platforms, Second Life and OpenSim don't do this in some avatar appearance editor with nothing but switches and sliders, nor do they rely on imported monolithic avatars à la Ready Player Me. There is no way of scanning yourself or even only importing a photograph of your face and using that for your avatar.
Instead, you have to piece your avatar together. And you have to acquire these pieces into your inventory first. Said pieces were all made by users as opposed to being supplied by the same people who develop the worlds.
You need a body. You almost always need a separate head. You need a set of skin textures. You need hair. And that's just the basic building blocks; I'm not talking about clothes and accessories yet.
Now look at what you can get. Everything is geared towards young, beautiful, sexy. Where's the chubbier stuff? Where's the elderly stuff? In fact, where's the normal stuff? You may discover variants of female mesh bodies or add-ons for female mesh bodies with more realistically-sized breasts, usually marketed as something like "petite". But since everyone is used to standard big boobs, many users consider these bodies not realistic, but underage and their users potential paedophiles.
Why is there no more normal stuff? Because there's too little demand for it. It simply isn't worth making. Go figure. And remember that all these bodies, these heads, these skins, this hair and all the clothes and accessories for your avatar come from the community.
In fact, one reason why so many guys have female avatars, often even female main avatars, is because you've got many many more customisation options for female avatars, especially clothes. Both Second Life and OpenSim are full-blown menswear ghettos.
It's partially a vicious circle and partially self-fulfilling. It's commonly said that women basically need a walk-in wardrobe whereas a guy needs one shirt, one pair of jeans and one pair of shoes. But often, the reason why male avatars rarely change their outfits is because they don't have that much to choose from in the first place. Menswear is considered not worth making at such a variety.
So while men are more inclined to outfit their avatars once and then leave them like this for all eternity whereas women are more inclined to "play Barbie" giving their avatars a different outfit each day, there certainly are guys who want to be virtual dressmen. And if they can't "play Ken" with a male avatar the way they want, they resort to "playing Barbie" instead and getting themselves a female avatar.
Of course, there are many other reasons to make an opposite-gender avatar. Women may want to avoid sleazy guys by having a male avatar. Both may want to experiment with how an opposite-gender avatar is made, or they need one to test opposite-gender clothes and outfits before selling them. Just a few examples.
This is actually one of the nice things about virtual worlds: You can be what you want to be. Your avatar doesn't have to be your digital self. You can choose to try and model it after you, but you've also got the choice not to do that. You can even roleplay if you want to. And if you want to play different roles, many worlds let you create multiple avatars with different identities.
It isn't wise for a virtual world to force its users to have only one avatar and make it a digital copy of their real-life selves. Not because the owners of the world "say so". Not because it's their corporate philosophy. Especially not because it's unimaginable to them that virtual world users would not make their avatars their digital twins.
A vital lesson that virtual world companies need to learn from existing virtual worlds instead of disregarding them entirely and re-inventing the wheel from zero again.
What is the Metaverse anyway?
Hint: It is not "Meta's Metaverse" or "Facebook's Metaverse" or "Zuckerberg's Metaverse", officially known as Horizon
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(This is an edited and upgraded version of this post.)
Starting last year, you could read it all over the place: "The Metaverse is dead." Everyone agreed, because for 99% of all people out there, "Metaverse" referred to Horizon, the series of 3-D virtual worlds launched by Meta Platforms, formerly Facebook. And as far as I know, Zuckerberg actually tried to use "Metaverse" as the registered, trademarked, exclusive brand name for his worlds until he learned that he can't trademark something already used in a commercially published novel, namely Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson from 1991.
Thus, he settled for names like Horizon and Horizon Worlds which nobody knows nor cares about because everyone still speaks of Meta's worlds as "the Metaverse". And I guess people would continue to do so even if Snow Crash was turned into a massive Hollywood blockbuster with a budget of $400M that makes $4B in theatres within the first week.
What we can take away from this is that Mark Zuckerberg did, in fact, not invent the term "metaverse".
Oh, and also last year, Linden Lab ran a massive PR campaign for the 20th birthday of Second Life which has also only recently started referring to itself as a "metaverse" to try and jump into the gap that the Horizon leave behind as Meta drops them like they're hot in favour of artificial intelligence.
Many rubbed their eyes in disbelief. Didn't Second Life, like, shut down in, what, 2008 or 2009? Because the rampant news coverage about it died down back then. Yeah, but that was because it was no longer viable for commercial mainstream mass media to have virtual offices in Second Life after what few big corporations had joined it had left again. And when journalists stopped using their avatars (said avatars are still there, only unused), they didn't know what was happening in Second Life anymore. Besides, what was still happening in Second Life was only of interest for Second Life residents, but not for casual mass media consumers.
Nonetheless, Second Life continued to exist, and it does so until today. It even developed and advanced greatly. Today's avatars look nothing like those from 2007 when the hype was the biggest and from when the most images and videos seem to have survived. Oh, and they blow everything that Horizon has ever dared to demonstrate clean out of the water while consisting entirely of user-generated content.
What we can take away from this is that the metaverse (no capital M here) is not dead, and that Horizon is not "The Metaverse" and has never been "The Metaverse".
However, between Snow Crash and the renaming of Facebook (the corporation) into Meta Platforms, the term "metaverse" was still used a lot, only it was used in places which next to nobody even knew, which are still largely unknown today. I'm talking about the worlds based on OpenSimulator, a sort of free and open-source implementation of Second Life, and its community.
To give you a few examples: Alternate Metaverse currently counts as the fifth-biggest OpenSim grid by active users and by land area. It was launched in late 2019 under this name. That already was well before Zuck implied having invented 3-D virtual worlds. And the name wasn't chosen to cash in on Snow Crash, but because the word "metaverse" had been all around OpenSim for years already.
The Infinite Metaverse Alliance is from 2016, if not even older. And it has always been all about OpenSim with two grids of its own, one named Metaverse Depot.
Metropolis, launched in 2008, was one of the first OpenSim grids, it was the first mostly German-speaking OpenSim grid, and when it was shut down for good in July, 2022, it was the third-oldest still existing grid. Its full name was "Metropolis Metaversum" for which there's proof from as early as 2010.
The news blog Hypergrid Business has given its OpenSim category the name "Metaverse". The oldest post in the category is from October 8th, 2010.
The earliest uses of the term "metaverse" in conjunction with OpenSim go back until even earlier, namely in 2007 already, the year that OpenSim itself came out. 2007 was also the year that OSgrid was launched, the first public grid and the oldest grid today. An archived copy of the grid website from November 7th, 2007 refers to OpenSim itself as, quote, "The Open Source Metaverse". It's quite likely that this wasn't even the first time that the word "metaverse" was used by the OpenSim community. Starting in 2008, OSgrid would start referring to itself as "The Open Source Metaverse", and it still does today.
Also in 2008, the Hypergrid was invented which connects OpenSim grids with one another and makes travelling between grids possible. For the first time in the history of virtual worlds, it became possible for avatars to travel between separate worlds with separate operators. Some said the Hypergrid was worth being referred to as a metaverse.
This was when it was increasingly attempted to define what a metaverse or the Metaverse is. Another idea was that "the Metaverse" refers to the entirety of all virtual worlds, regardless of whether they're connected or not. It would include 3-D worlds like Second Life, There or the various OpenSim grids, it would include 2½-D isometric worlds like Furcadia, it would include 2-D worlds and maybe even text-only worlds, and it would include out-right games like Minecraft or World of Warcraft, even if the worlds in the former are created procedurally. Basically, "metaverse" became the new "cyberspace".
And then there were those who had probably read Snow Crash and who knew what the Metaverse in that book is: a centralised, monolithic, corporate-owned walled garden. Essentially, that Metaverse was a vision of an Internet that had evolved into a 3-D world, but in 1991, the Internet itself largely consisted of corporate-owned walled gardens such as AOL and CompuServe itself, and Microsoft tried to establish its own one. That was three years before the World-Wide Web.
So while the requirement of being corporate-run and even a walled garden wasn't pursued further, "metaverse" was defined as being one single world. According to this definition, there isn't "the Metaverse", but there are many metaverses. Each OpenSim grid would be its own metaverse. No wonder not few grids actually refer to themselves as metaverses.
Sometimes, another criterium is added to the definition: It's only truly a metaverse when it's possible to move between separate locations (rooms, spaces, lands, call them whatever) by natural means. Usually, a virtual world has to be divided into smaller units, especially if these smaller units can be run by someone else than the creators/owners of the whole world. Now, this criterium means that these units have to at least be able to directly border on one another. An avatar standing near the border between two units must be able to look into the neighbouring unit. And in order to enter the neighbouring unit, the avatar must be able to walk or ride a vehicle that's actually moving instead of being a teleporter in disguise (I've seen both in OpenSim). Teleportation must not be a requirement out of basic technological limitations.
Now, imagine a virtual world that's IRC or Discord ported to 3-D just like the Metaverse in Snow Crash is AOL ported to 3-D, a world that only consists of separate, enclosed chatrooms which are built in-world as virtual conference rooms which you enter by logging into them and leave by logging out again. It probably doesn't have any windows. It definitely doesn't have a door working as such; either there is no door, or the door is decoration, or the door is the logout button, but there's nothing outside that door. If your avatar runs into that door, provided your avatar can walk and isn't bound to a chair at the conference table (yes, there are virtual worlds in which avatars can't walk around), it'll log out of that conference room and back into a kind of lobby. By the above criterium, this cannot be a metaverse.
However, if the door actually opens, and your avatar can look and walk through it into a hallway, from there into the lobby and even leave the building, then we're getting closer to a metaverse, probably even more so if the conference room is actually a separate virtual location operated by someone else than the lobby and the hallways.
Second Life fulfills this definition. You can walk around the mainland for hours, constantly crossing from one sim into another, all rented and designed by different residents, even though they all run on the same server cluster under Linden Lab' control. Sure, you can teleport, but that's only necessary if there's no other way to get somewhere. That might be because your current location and/or your destination is too remote, i.e. isolated by empty regions with no sims running in them which can't be crossed, or out of convenience because your destination is too far away.
OpenSim grids fulfill it, too, while the Hypergrid doesn't. The Hypergrid requires teleportation because it connects separate worlds and not different places within the same world. Otherwise, it's like Second Life while sometimes taking the "separate places with separate owners" part even further: Between renting land on grids and running a whole grid of your own, you can host your own sims and have them attached to certain existing grids. As a visitor, it might actually happen that you walk not only from one sim to another, but onto someone else's machine.
Still, if you look around, if you look at the various platforms that have "metaverse" painted on them, whether they're operational or only vague concepts, each one of their creators has a different definition of what a metaverse or the Metaverse is, always corresponding on what they plan their worlds to be like. Corporations that place all their bets on virtual reality claim that "pancake" worlds which can be accessed through conventional devices with 2-D screens like Second Life or the OpenSim grids can't be metaverses. Those who want to include the real life and augmented reality or mixted reality claim that this is part of the very definition of "metaverse" so that they can also deny VR-only platforms such as VRChat or Rec Room any metaverse status. At the same time, even companies that offer nothing more than e.g. concerts in virtual reality claim that their secluded concert venues make up a metaverse, too.
Corporate definitions of "metaverse" almost always amount to, "A metaverse is what we call a metaverse; all metaverse definitions by our competitors are false, they don't have/work on true metaverses." Exceptions are limited to Meta ("We're inventing the Metaverse from scratch. Wait, what do you mean, we can't trademark that word?") and Linden Lab ("We've had a metaverse before any of you even had computers. And our very own Philip Rosedale has actually read Snow Crash. Your arguments are invalid.").
Sometimes the definition of "metaverse" even goes hand-in-hand with a declaration of what makes a virtual world, and what's necessary to build and operate one. Cryptobros, for example, insist that the Metaverse/metaverses/virtual worlds can impossibly function without a blockchain, a cryptocurrency and NFTs. Others who invest in AI currently state that virtual worlds won't and can't be possible without AI. Second Life has been proving them all wrong by successfully and continually running a virtual world without a blockchain, without crypto, without NFTs and without AI for over two decades now, but they build their business model on their customers either never having even heard of Second Life or believing it was shut down before summer 2009.
The IEEE even has a scientific paper on the definition of "metaverse". No, really.
This leads us to a set of criteria for the Metaverse or a metaverse that may or may not be valid.
The first one is that it's 3-D. This is easy to agree upon unless pre-3-D worlds protest against that definition.
Persistence is another criterium. The world must not only exist on your end-user device and start up when you join it and shut down again when you leave. This is generally fulfilled. Generally because many OpenSim users run their own grids based on the DreamGrid distribution on Windows computers at home. Some do leave them running 24/7, others only start them up when they're at home and awake. And then there are those who only own one functional computer which therefore serves as both the machine they run their viewer on and their grid server. Now, the typical Windows user starts up their machine when they need it and shuts it down when they're done. So there are actually public grids that are only online when their grid owners are, even if that's only two or three hours a day. But this only applies to a limited number of grids and not OpenSim as a whole. That said, even grid servers in data centres running larger public grids have to be restarted every once in a while.
Thirdly, some make a functioning economy an absolute requirement for a virtual world to call itself a metaverse. Second Life has one that works so well that Linden Lab makes more money per user and month than Meta, all without privacy breaches. It helps that nearly all in-world content is made by users, and Linden Lab doesn't take offering free content in larger quantities kindly.
Its younger open-source sibling, OpenSim, however, which has been referred to as a metaverse or multiple metaverses would fail this definition. It's technically impossible to implement an in-world economy both with "monopoly money" and with virtual currencies that can be exchanged with real money, either grid-independently (Gloebit, Podex) or grid-specific (like Kitely or Wolf Territories handle it). But the vast majority of grids has chosen not to include any method of payment for anything. OpenSim in general doesn't even need an economy because most grids by far are run by hobbyists in their spare time. And openly for-profit grids are not only suspicious, but usually not very long-lived. In the meantime, OSgrid, the first, oldest and largest of all grids, celebrates its 16th birthday next month (I guess), and it's non-commercial and running on donations.
By the way, OpenSim also took over Second Life's set of item permissions. But since so many avatars in OpenSim have access to admin mode ("god mode") which can override them, they're symbolic at best and useless at worst.
Immersion is a point that's being debated. However, this lastly depends not only on the underlying technology, but also on how in-world places are designed. Immersion is something that I personally am very very interested in. But most OpenSim users neither know what it is, nor do they care, especially not if it stands in the way of convenience. For example, building an in-door club with no doors to the outside saves the sim owner the effort of a) cutting a hole into the walls of the building and b) scripting and configuring a door. Sim owners tend to believe that if they wouldn't use such a door, nobody would. But a building with no doors is not very credible and realistic, and having to teleport to get into it and back out is not very immersive.
If we're talking about "the Metaverse" instead of single virtual worlds as metaverses, decentralisation is of course important. Now, by this definition, everything else from Second Life to Roblox to Fortnite to Horizon Worlds is just a bunch of centralised walled gardens and not even close to being part of the Metaverse. The few exceptions are all not corporate-owned; they include the High Fidelity fork Vircadia, the Vircadia fork Overte and OpenSim's Hypergrid. The latter is made up from hundreds, if not thousands of separate grids, and very very rarely do even two have the same owner. On top of that, there isn't even an "official grid" run by the developers; lead dev Ubit Umarov only owns one standard region that's externally attached to OSgrid.
On the other hand, OpenSim entirely runs on one and the same software product. Even if various versions and even a number of forks are in use, it's only one platform and not several. And besides, how can the Hypergrid be "the Metaverse" if only a tiny minority of the grids that make it up pass the "metaverse litmus test" themselves because they don't have an economy?
Not even Vircadia could comply with this definition. It's decentralised, and it's commercial. Also, it's said to be fully compatible with Overte, so we already have two different virtual world platforms interacting. But for one, Overte is still a Vircadia fork, a soft fork even, so they aren't as different as Second Life and Third Room, and Overte messes with the economy requirement by being decidedly non-commercial at platform level already.
But seriously, debating such details is kind of futile as long as it's even unclear if it's "a metaverse/multiple metaverses" or "the Metaverse". So no, nobody has the privilege of having that one single "official" definition of "metaverse".
Starting last year, you could read it all over the place: "The Metaverse is dead." Everyone agreed, because for 99% of all people out there, "Metaverse" referred to Horizon, the series of 3-D virtual worlds launched by Meta Platforms, formerly Facebook. And as far as I know, Zuckerberg actually tried to use "Metaverse" as the registered, trademarked, exclusive brand name for his worlds until he learned that he can't trademark something already used in a commercially published novel, namely Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson from 1991.
Thus, he settled for names like Horizon and Horizon Worlds which nobody knows nor cares about because everyone still speaks of Meta's worlds as "the Metaverse". And I guess people would continue to do so even if Snow Crash was turned into a massive Hollywood blockbuster with a budget of $400M that makes $4B in theatres within the first week.
What we can take away from this is that Mark Zuckerberg did, in fact, not invent the term "metaverse".
Oh, and also last year, Linden Lab ran a massive PR campaign for the 20th birthday of Second Life which has also only recently started referring to itself as a "metaverse" to try and jump into the gap that the Horizon leave behind as Meta drops them like they're hot in favour of artificial intelligence.
Many rubbed their eyes in disbelief. Didn't Second Life, like, shut down in, what, 2008 or 2009? Because the rampant news coverage about it died down back then. Yeah, but that was because it was no longer viable for commercial mainstream mass media to have virtual offices in Second Life after what few big corporations had joined it had left again. And when journalists stopped using their avatars (said avatars are still there, only unused), they didn't know what was happening in Second Life anymore. Besides, what was still happening in Second Life was only of interest for Second Life residents, but not for casual mass media consumers.
Nonetheless, Second Life continued to exist, and it does so until today. It even developed and advanced greatly. Today's avatars look nothing like those from 2007 when the hype was the biggest and from when the most images and videos seem to have survived. Oh, and they blow everything that Horizon has ever dared to demonstrate clean out of the water while consisting entirely of user-generated content.
What we can take away from this is that the metaverse (no capital M here) is not dead, and that Horizon is not "The Metaverse" and has never been "The Metaverse".
However, between Snow Crash and the renaming of Facebook (the corporation) into Meta Platforms, the term "metaverse" was still used a lot, only it was used in places which next to nobody even knew, which are still largely unknown today. I'm talking about the worlds based on OpenSimulator, a sort of free and open-source implementation of Second Life, and its community.
To give you a few examples: Alternate Metaverse currently counts as the fifth-biggest OpenSim grid by active users and by land area. It was launched in late 2019 under this name. That already was well before Zuck implied having invented 3-D virtual worlds. And the name wasn't chosen to cash in on Snow Crash, but because the word "metaverse" had been all around OpenSim for years already.
The Infinite Metaverse Alliance is from 2016, if not even older. And it has always been all about OpenSim with two grids of its own, one named Metaverse Depot.
Metropolis, launched in 2008, was one of the first OpenSim grids, it was the first mostly German-speaking OpenSim grid, and when it was shut down for good in July, 2022, it was the third-oldest still existing grid. Its full name was "Metropolis Metaversum" for which there's proof from as early as 2010.
The news blog Hypergrid Business has given its OpenSim category the name "Metaverse". The oldest post in the category is from October 8th, 2010.
The earliest uses of the term "metaverse" in conjunction with OpenSim go back until even earlier, namely in 2007 already, the year that OpenSim itself came out. 2007 was also the year that OSgrid was launched, the first public grid and the oldest grid today. An archived copy of the grid website from November 7th, 2007 refers to OpenSim itself as, quote, "The Open Source Metaverse". It's quite likely that this wasn't even the first time that the word "metaverse" was used by the OpenSim community. Starting in 2008, OSgrid would start referring to itself as "The Open Source Metaverse", and it still does today.
Also in 2008, the Hypergrid was invented which connects OpenSim grids with one another and makes travelling between grids possible. For the first time in the history of virtual worlds, it became possible for avatars to travel between separate worlds with separate operators. Some said the Hypergrid was worth being referred to as a metaverse.
This was when it was increasingly attempted to define what a metaverse or the Metaverse is. Another idea was that "the Metaverse" refers to the entirety of all virtual worlds, regardless of whether they're connected or not. It would include 3-D worlds like Second Life, There or the various OpenSim grids, it would include 2½-D isometric worlds like Furcadia, it would include 2-D worlds and maybe even text-only worlds, and it would include out-right games like Minecraft or World of Warcraft, even if the worlds in the former are created procedurally. Basically, "metaverse" became the new "cyberspace".
And then there were those who had probably read Snow Crash and who knew what the Metaverse in that book is: a centralised, monolithic, corporate-owned walled garden. Essentially, that Metaverse was a vision of an Internet that had evolved into a 3-D world, but in 1991, the Internet itself largely consisted of corporate-owned walled gardens such as AOL and CompuServe itself, and Microsoft tried to establish its own one. That was three years before the World-Wide Web.
So while the requirement of being corporate-run and even a walled garden wasn't pursued further, "metaverse" was defined as being one single world. According to this definition, there isn't "the Metaverse", but there are many metaverses. Each OpenSim grid would be its own metaverse. No wonder not few grids actually refer to themselves as metaverses.
Sometimes, another criterium is added to the definition: It's only truly a metaverse when it's possible to move between separate locations (rooms, spaces, lands, call them whatever) by natural means. Usually, a virtual world has to be divided into smaller units, especially if these smaller units can be run by someone else than the creators/owners of the whole world. Now, this criterium means that these units have to at least be able to directly border on one another. An avatar standing near the border between two units must be able to look into the neighbouring unit. And in order to enter the neighbouring unit, the avatar must be able to walk or ride a vehicle that's actually moving instead of being a teleporter in disguise (I've seen both in OpenSim). Teleportation must not be a requirement out of basic technological limitations.
Now, imagine a virtual world that's IRC or Discord ported to 3-D just like the Metaverse in Snow Crash is AOL ported to 3-D, a world that only consists of separate, enclosed chatrooms which are built in-world as virtual conference rooms which you enter by logging into them and leave by logging out again. It probably doesn't have any windows. It definitely doesn't have a door working as such; either there is no door, or the door is decoration, or the door is the logout button, but there's nothing outside that door. If your avatar runs into that door, provided your avatar can walk and isn't bound to a chair at the conference table (yes, there are virtual worlds in which avatars can't walk around), it'll log out of that conference room and back into a kind of lobby. By the above criterium, this cannot be a metaverse.
However, if the door actually opens, and your avatar can look and walk through it into a hallway, from there into the lobby and even leave the building, then we're getting closer to a metaverse, probably even more so if the conference room is actually a separate virtual location operated by someone else than the lobby and the hallways.
Second Life fulfills this definition. You can walk around the mainland for hours, constantly crossing from one sim into another, all rented and designed by different residents, even though they all run on the same server cluster under Linden Lab' control. Sure, you can teleport, but that's only necessary if there's no other way to get somewhere. That might be because your current location and/or your destination is too remote, i.e. isolated by empty regions with no sims running in them which can't be crossed, or out of convenience because your destination is too far away.
OpenSim grids fulfill it, too, while the Hypergrid doesn't. The Hypergrid requires teleportation because it connects separate worlds and not different places within the same world. Otherwise, it's like Second Life while sometimes taking the "separate places with separate owners" part even further: Between renting land on grids and running a whole grid of your own, you can host your own sims and have them attached to certain existing grids. As a visitor, it might actually happen that you walk not only from one sim to another, but onto someone else's machine.
Still, if you look around, if you look at the various platforms that have "metaverse" painted on them, whether they're operational or only vague concepts, each one of their creators has a different definition of what a metaverse or the Metaverse is, always corresponding on what they plan their worlds to be like. Corporations that place all their bets on virtual reality claim that "pancake" worlds which can be accessed through conventional devices with 2-D screens like Second Life or the OpenSim grids can't be metaverses. Those who want to include the real life and augmented reality or mixted reality claim that this is part of the very definition of "metaverse" so that they can also deny VR-only platforms such as VRChat or Rec Room any metaverse status. At the same time, even companies that offer nothing more than e.g. concerts in virtual reality claim that their secluded concert venues make up a metaverse, too.
Corporate definitions of "metaverse" almost always amount to, "A metaverse is what we call a metaverse; all metaverse definitions by our competitors are false, they don't have/work on true metaverses." Exceptions are limited to Meta ("We're inventing the Metaverse from scratch. Wait, what do you mean, we can't trademark that word?") and Linden Lab ("We've had a metaverse before any of you even had computers. And our very own Philip Rosedale has actually read Snow Crash. Your arguments are invalid.").
Sometimes the definition of "metaverse" even goes hand-in-hand with a declaration of what makes a virtual world, and what's necessary to build and operate one. Cryptobros, for example, insist that the Metaverse/metaverses/virtual worlds can impossibly function without a blockchain, a cryptocurrency and NFTs. Others who invest in AI currently state that virtual worlds won't and can't be possible without AI. Second Life has been proving them all wrong by successfully and continually running a virtual world without a blockchain, without crypto, without NFTs and without AI for over two decades now, but they build their business model on their customers either never having even heard of Second Life or believing it was shut down before summer 2009.
The IEEE even has a scientific paper on the definition of "metaverse". No, really.
This leads us to a set of criteria for the Metaverse or a metaverse that may or may not be valid.
The first one is that it's 3-D. This is easy to agree upon unless pre-3-D worlds protest against that definition.
Persistence is another criterium. The world must not only exist on your end-user device and start up when you join it and shut down again when you leave. This is generally fulfilled. Generally because many OpenSim users run their own grids based on the DreamGrid distribution on Windows computers at home. Some do leave them running 24/7, others only start them up when they're at home and awake. And then there are those who only own one functional computer which therefore serves as both the machine they run their viewer on and their grid server. Now, the typical Windows user starts up their machine when they need it and shuts it down when they're done. So there are actually public grids that are only online when their grid owners are, even if that's only two or three hours a day. But this only applies to a limited number of grids and not OpenSim as a whole. That said, even grid servers in data centres running larger public grids have to be restarted every once in a while.
Thirdly, some make a functioning economy an absolute requirement for a virtual world to call itself a metaverse. Second Life has one that works so well that Linden Lab makes more money per user and month than Meta, all without privacy breaches. It helps that nearly all in-world content is made by users, and Linden Lab doesn't take offering free content in larger quantities kindly.
Its younger open-source sibling, OpenSim, however, which has been referred to as a metaverse or multiple metaverses would fail this definition. It's technically impossible to implement an in-world economy both with "monopoly money" and with virtual currencies that can be exchanged with real money, either grid-independently (Gloebit, Podex) or grid-specific (like Kitely or Wolf Territories handle it). But the vast majority of grids has chosen not to include any method of payment for anything. OpenSim in general doesn't even need an economy because most grids by far are run by hobbyists in their spare time. And openly for-profit grids are not only suspicious, but usually not very long-lived. In the meantime, OSgrid, the first, oldest and largest of all grids, celebrates its 16th birthday next month (I guess), and it's non-commercial and running on donations.
By the way, OpenSim also took over Second Life's set of item permissions. But since so many avatars in OpenSim have access to admin mode ("god mode") which can override them, they're symbolic at best and useless at worst.
Immersion is a point that's being debated. However, this lastly depends not only on the underlying technology, but also on how in-world places are designed. Immersion is something that I personally am very very interested in. But most OpenSim users neither know what it is, nor do they care, especially not if it stands in the way of convenience. For example, building an in-door club with no doors to the outside saves the sim owner the effort of a) cutting a hole into the walls of the building and b) scripting and configuring a door. Sim owners tend to believe that if they wouldn't use such a door, nobody would. But a building with no doors is not very credible and realistic, and having to teleport to get into it and back out is not very immersive.
If we're talking about "the Metaverse" instead of single virtual worlds as metaverses, decentralisation is of course important. Now, by this definition, everything else from Second Life to Roblox to Fortnite to Horizon Worlds is just a bunch of centralised walled gardens and not even close to being part of the Metaverse. The few exceptions are all not corporate-owned; they include the High Fidelity fork Vircadia, the Vircadia fork Overte and OpenSim's Hypergrid. The latter is made up from hundreds, if not thousands of separate grids, and very very rarely do even two have the same owner. On top of that, there isn't even an "official grid" run by the developers; lead dev Ubit Umarov only owns one standard region that's externally attached to OSgrid.
On the other hand, OpenSim entirely runs on one and the same software product. Even if various versions and even a number of forks are in use, it's only one platform and not several. And besides, how can the Hypergrid be "the Metaverse" if only a tiny minority of the grids that make it up pass the "metaverse litmus test" themselves because they don't have an economy?
Not even Vircadia could comply with this definition. It's decentralised, and it's commercial. Also, it's said to be fully compatible with Overte, so we already have two different virtual world platforms interacting. But for one, Overte is still a Vircadia fork, a soft fork even, so they aren't as different as Second Life and Third Room, and Overte messes with the economy requirement by being decidedly non-commercial at platform level already.
But seriously, debating such details is kind of futile as long as it's even unclear if it's "a metaverse/multiple metaverses" or "the Metaverse". So no, nobody has the privilege of having that one single "official" definition of "metaverse".
Will they go after OpenSim copybotters now?
Linden Lab's announcement of more legal action against content theft, and what it could mean for OpenSim
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This will be interesting. Especially for OpenSimulator.
Metasocieties schrieb den folgenden Beitrag Tue, 28 Jan 2025 01:14:08 +0100
For about a decade, the greater OpenSim community has largely been relying on Second Life content that was illegally exported and then offered all over the Hypergrid as freebies, sometimes even declared original creations by the importers. While some people nowadays buy content from the Marketplace and then use copybot viewers to export it, others still can't even be bothered to do that and do what was the standard in the second half of the 2010s: copybot the stuff in-world. Some Second Life creators' works are available as full-perm freebies in OpenSim in huge numbers because their entire in-world stores were copybotted wholesale when they still deemed it safe to have the actual items in in-world sales boxes.
I guess over 95% of all content in OpenSim are stolen from Second Life, as are at least 98% of all items offered in freebie stores. If a new freebie store appears in OpenSim, you can be certain that not only absolutely all content in it was stolen from Second Life, but that the only legal item on the entire sim is the OpenSimWorld beacon. In fact, this applies to the vast majority of all new sims created nowadays, also because it's so bloody easy and convenient to get all the premium Second Life stuff you need from R. Lion and/or Darkhearts.
Many people who come to OpenSim never get in touch with legal content at all, other than happening to come by legal items installed on sims. Some go as far as staunchly insisting that legal content made in and for OpenSim does not exist, full stop. Others say that legal content only exists in the shape of Linda Kellie's non-mesh works from up until 2013.
Generally, those who acknowledge the existence of legal content in OpenSim also consider it vastly sub-par in comparison with the expensive premium luxury content that's being copybotted in Second Life. And that's even though this copybotted content is often slapped back together in a haphazard way with not nearly all the bells and whistles of the Second Life originals. Originally scripted content isn't re-scripted unless it's either a mesh body or furniture with AVsitter. Buildings are tossed into boxes with static, unscripted doors. Blinn-Phong is almost never supported. Before there was PBR, the importers couldn't be bothered to add normal and specular maps to save time and churn out more content in the same time. Now that there is PBR, I guess many won't add Blinn-Phong textures at all.
The main differences between the 2010s and today are that there were only few entryways for copybotted content in the 2010s, the copybotters didn't import the content themselves, all copybotted content was full-perm, and "Sharing is Caring" meant that freebie store owners were expected to pick up boxes of copybotted content from these few entryways and put it into their own stores to obscure how the content got into OpenSim. Also, "Stuff" boxes with copybotting by-catch are no longer a thing.
Nowadays, the copybotter, the importer and the store owner is one and the same person. Everything is no-transfer because the freebie stores are in direct competition with each other for the top "popularity" ranks on OpenSimWorld. The Legacy female body must have stolen and imported at least ten times already due to how many freebie dealers wanted to have their own copy of it next to their Legacy clothes. And that doesn't count those who have god-moded and reboxed already imported no-transfer bodies.
I dare say that much more content is copybotted in Second Life to be offered as freebies in OpenSim than to be sold by the thieves in Second Life for money. This may make the various OpenSim grids a more likely target for legal action than other Second Life users, maybe even than other virtual worlds.
In 2015 already, when the copybotting craze had really picked up after it had become possible to copybot mesh, and OpenSim's own creativity was almost entirely killed off because it couldn't compete with the copybotted content, legal action against targets in OpenSim was already considered. But it was difficult to hold the copybotters themselves liable. They didn't run their own grids. At best, they had sims on other grids. Some even only had free stores on other people's freebie sims. And it wasn't possible to hold these sim owners liable either.
So the legal action was to be targetted at the grids because grid owners can be identified outside of OpenSim, especially the owners of big grids. And in early 2015, all big grids had users who imported copybotted Second Life content and offered it as freebies. OSgrid, Kitely, Metropolis (shut down in 2022) and so forth.
The idea was to tell grid owners to have at least certain illegal content removed from in-world stores, otherwise their entire grids with thousands of active users would be shut down by the authorities. Again, I'm talking about all the biggest and most important grids. The grid owners would then have to tell the sim owners on whose sims this illegal content was offered to remove it or have it removed, otherwise their sims would be deleted. In turn, freebie sim owners who rented stores to importers or resellers of copybotted content threatened these store owners to throw them out if they don't remove any and all illegal content from their stores.
Copybotters were chased off the big grids. But they found a new home at Sacrarium, a grid run by a Kazakh admin on a machine in his flat at home, but registered in Russia. This would make legal action against copybotters and against the spread of illegal content more difficult in several ways. Also, imported content was now renamed, and all Second Life brand names were removed. Besides, the copybotters no longer imported the stolen content themselves anymore. They just sent the exported assets to someone else who imported, re-assembled and boxed them. Lastly, everything was first offered on the same sim, and so "Sharing is Caring" became more important than ever.
Alas, none of the threats ever led to anything. It would have involved Second Life creators and Linden Lab taking legal action together. Most importantly, however, it would have involved legal action by each creator involved against quite a number of grids.
Nowadays, names are only changed if whoever offers stolen content can get away with making clueless people believe they've created it themselves. Big, famous brand names, especially those of certain avatar suppliers, remain unchanged. Maitreya Lara is "Athena" in OpenSim, but LaraX is "LaraX". OpenSim freebie store owners steal and often actually copybot their own store content and import it directly onto grids hosted in the USA or the EU. They brazenly offer Legacy, Signature and eBody mesh bodies, LeLutka heads, Doux hair etc. under their original brand names, so certain are they that they've got nothing to fear.
The freebie store owners are in a perpetual race for having the most, the best and the newest exclusive content before everyone else. Even freebie sims that don't operate on the classic "I've found all this stuff on the Hypergrid, no idea where it comes from" have tens of thousands of Euros worth of Second Life content available as no-transfer freebies, and that doesn't include the sim decoration which, more often than not, is entirely copybotted, too, with the sole exception of the inevitable OpenSimWorld beacon. They all feel like they've got nothing to fear.
Now, the question is whether Linden Lab will now target OpenSim as well. They'd certainly find plenty of targets.
The one line that makes this questionable is, "Collaboration with external platforms to address cross-platform content theft." Whom would they collaborate with on OpenSim's side?
OpenSim itself? There is no company or corporation behind OpenSim, only four or five spare-time hobbyist developers who struggle with keeping up with the development of Second Life in order to stay compatible with third-party Second Life viewers. There isn't any money involved in OpenSim, there is no business behind OpenSim.
The grids? Well, if anything, most grids would not be collaborators, but targets of said legal action.
Only very few grids would collaborate. The major commercial grids certainly would. Kitely, DigiWorldz, the Utopia Skye Grid, probably also @Lone Wolf's Wolf Territories Grid, just to name four. So would OSgrid. As far as I know, they all don't tolerate the import and offering of stolen Second Life assets anyway.
At least the former three don't allow the offering of stolen Second Life content found on other grids either. So all this would only matter to these three if Linden Lab even decided to go against illegal decoration on sims and illegal body parts, clothes and accessories worn by avatars. What makes matters more complicated is that it's often unknown whether something is legal or not, and that it's almost impossible to deck out avatars with only legal content, especially without making them look like 2010.
But many non-commercial grids feel safer from the law. There are big, well-known grids hosted in Western countries which offer avatar accessories stolen from Second Life on their official landing sims, gathered somewhere on the Hypergrid and placed there by official grid staff. Sure, ZetaWorlds wouldn't tolerate another big entryway for stolen Second Life assets like Port ShenZhen which gave the grid a reputation of being a pirate den in the early 2020s. But stolen Second Life content that someone brought in from the Hypergrid seems to be okay.
I'm seriously wondering if these grids were interested in collaborating with Linden Lab in even wiping out the "found somewhere on the Hypergrid" content from the various big and small freebie stores. Granted, I'm wondering if Linden Lab is actually interested in the effort of going that far, also seeing as a lot of stolen sim decoration can be copied straight from where it's placed, too.
My guess is that, when it comes to illegal content that has been in-world for years already, both freebie merchants and grid owners will come with the same excuses:
Well, and then there are the most egregious offenders. The young but immensely popular freebie sims whose owners and merchants steal and import Second Life content themselves. As this is no longer tolerated on most of the bigger grids, all this happens on small grids with sometimes not even half a dozen sims. These grids are usually DreamGrids that run on a Windows computer at the grid owner's home. The grid owner is either friends with the copybotters who run stores on their grid, or they are copybotters and store owners themselves.
There's no way they'll collaborate with Linden Lab. Content theft and piracy is what their grids are living on, maybe with the grid owners' and merchants' private sims and an event location as side-projects. Linden Lab could just as well have the authorities of wherever the grids are hosted send a Cease & Desist letter to the grid owners that force them to shut down these grids. But even then they'll be back half an hour later with a new grid, but with the same sims on it. Or with the exact same grid under a new name. And I wouldn't count on Linden Lab going as far as having e.g. German or Italian police forces raid these grid owners' dwelling-places and seize all digital devices and then going into international lawsuits against them.
Then again, if popular freebie sims on tiny grids do disappear, OpenSimWorld suddenly reports them as offline, and it turns out that the rozzers have come and seized the grid server, and the grid owner as well as all freebie merchants on the grid are facing criminal investigations, all just for copybotting Second Life content, if this happens, I think the OpenSim community will get quite nervous again.
Addendum: Ava Delaney has published a blog post on her blog that gives some more details.
Let's just say that OpenSim can only hope that going after thousands of grids and their owners as well as thousands of freebie sims and their owners is too much of an effort for both the Lab and the authorities, considering there's no money involved in this. For one thing is certain: If it turns out that the Lab does actually take real-life legal action against all kinds of people in OpenSim who have to do with illegal content in this or that way, then OpenSim users will use the new support ticket category as a weapon against other OpenSim users and against entire grids. Wars between grids will likely end in the total destruction both of all grids on at least one side and their entire staff. Especially if it also turns out that the Lab has the power to have such action taken not only in the USA, but also in the EU.
#Long #LongPost #CWLong #CWLongPost #SecondLife #OpenSim #OpenSimulator #Metaverse #VirtualWorlds #Copybotting #Piracy
Metasocieties schrieb den folgenden Beitrag Tue, 28 Jan 2025 01:14:08 +0100»Linden Lab Announces Plans to Escalate Legal Action Against Egregious Content Theft in Second Life« https://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2025/01/linden-lab-sl-ip-rights-protection.html?Meta.societi.es #Metasocieties #Metaverse #VirtualWorlds #SecondLife
For about a decade, the greater OpenSim community has largely been relying on Second Life content that was illegally exported and then offered all over the Hypergrid as freebies, sometimes even declared original creations by the importers. While some people nowadays buy content from the Marketplace and then use copybot viewers to export it, others still can't even be bothered to do that and do what was the standard in the second half of the 2010s: copybot the stuff in-world. Some Second Life creators' works are available as full-perm freebies in OpenSim in huge numbers because their entire in-world stores were copybotted wholesale when they still deemed it safe to have the actual items in in-world sales boxes.
I guess over 95% of all content in OpenSim are stolen from Second Life, as are at least 98% of all items offered in freebie stores. If a new freebie store appears in OpenSim, you can be certain that not only absolutely all content in it was stolen from Second Life, but that the only legal item on the entire sim is the OpenSimWorld beacon. In fact, this applies to the vast majority of all new sims created nowadays, also because it's so bloody easy and convenient to get all the premium Second Life stuff you need from R. Lion and/or Darkhearts.
Many people who come to OpenSim never get in touch with legal content at all, other than happening to come by legal items installed on sims. Some go as far as staunchly insisting that legal content made in and for OpenSim does not exist, full stop. Others say that legal content only exists in the shape of Linda Kellie's non-mesh works from up until 2013.
Generally, those who acknowledge the existence of legal content in OpenSim also consider it vastly sub-par in comparison with the expensive premium luxury content that's being copybotted in Second Life. And that's even though this copybotted content is often slapped back together in a haphazard way with not nearly all the bells and whistles of the Second Life originals. Originally scripted content isn't re-scripted unless it's either a mesh body or furniture with AVsitter. Buildings are tossed into boxes with static, unscripted doors. Blinn-Phong is almost never supported. Before there was PBR, the importers couldn't be bothered to add normal and specular maps to save time and churn out more content in the same time. Now that there is PBR, I guess many won't add Blinn-Phong textures at all.
The main differences between the 2010s and today are that there were only few entryways for copybotted content in the 2010s, the copybotters didn't import the content themselves, all copybotted content was full-perm, and "Sharing is Caring" meant that freebie store owners were expected to pick up boxes of copybotted content from these few entryways and put it into their own stores to obscure how the content got into OpenSim. Also, "Stuff" boxes with copybotting by-catch are no longer a thing.
Nowadays, the copybotter, the importer and the store owner is one and the same person. Everything is no-transfer because the freebie stores are in direct competition with each other for the top "popularity" ranks on OpenSimWorld. The Legacy female body must have stolen and imported at least ten times already due to how many freebie dealers wanted to have their own copy of it next to their Legacy clothes. And that doesn't count those who have god-moded and reboxed already imported no-transfer bodies.
I dare say that much more content is copybotted in Second Life to be offered as freebies in OpenSim than to be sold by the thieves in Second Life for money. This may make the various OpenSim grids a more likely target for legal action than other Second Life users, maybe even than other virtual worlds.
In 2015 already, when the copybotting craze had really picked up after it had become possible to copybot mesh, and OpenSim's own creativity was almost entirely killed off because it couldn't compete with the copybotted content, legal action against targets in OpenSim was already considered. But it was difficult to hold the copybotters themselves liable. They didn't run their own grids. At best, they had sims on other grids. Some even only had free stores on other people's freebie sims. And it wasn't possible to hold these sim owners liable either.
So the legal action was to be targetted at the grids because grid owners can be identified outside of OpenSim, especially the owners of big grids. And in early 2015, all big grids had users who imported copybotted Second Life content and offered it as freebies. OSgrid, Kitely, Metropolis (shut down in 2022) and so forth.
The idea was to tell grid owners to have at least certain illegal content removed from in-world stores, otherwise their entire grids with thousands of active users would be shut down by the authorities. Again, I'm talking about all the biggest and most important grids. The grid owners would then have to tell the sim owners on whose sims this illegal content was offered to remove it or have it removed, otherwise their sims would be deleted. In turn, freebie sim owners who rented stores to importers or resellers of copybotted content threatened these store owners to throw them out if they don't remove any and all illegal content from their stores.
Copybotters were chased off the big grids. But they found a new home at Sacrarium, a grid run by a Kazakh admin on a machine in his flat at home, but registered in Russia. This would make legal action against copybotters and against the spread of illegal content more difficult in several ways. Also, imported content was now renamed, and all Second Life brand names were removed. Besides, the copybotters no longer imported the stolen content themselves anymore. They just sent the exported assets to someone else who imported, re-assembled and boxed them. Lastly, everything was first offered on the same sim, and so "Sharing is Caring" became more important than ever.
Alas, none of the threats ever led to anything. It would have involved Second Life creators and Linden Lab taking legal action together. Most importantly, however, it would have involved legal action by each creator involved against quite a number of grids.
Nowadays, names are only changed if whoever offers stolen content can get away with making clueless people believe they've created it themselves. Big, famous brand names, especially those of certain avatar suppliers, remain unchanged. Maitreya Lara is "Athena" in OpenSim, but LaraX is "LaraX". OpenSim freebie store owners steal and often actually copybot their own store content and import it directly onto grids hosted in the USA or the EU. They brazenly offer Legacy, Signature and eBody mesh bodies, LeLutka heads, Doux hair etc. under their original brand names, so certain are they that they've got nothing to fear.
The freebie store owners are in a perpetual race for having the most, the best and the newest exclusive content before everyone else. Even freebie sims that don't operate on the classic "I've found all this stuff on the Hypergrid, no idea where it comes from" have tens of thousands of Euros worth of Second Life content available as no-transfer freebies, and that doesn't include the sim decoration which, more often than not, is entirely copybotted, too, with the sole exception of the inevitable OpenSimWorld beacon. They all feel like they've got nothing to fear.
Now, the question is whether Linden Lab will now target OpenSim as well. They'd certainly find plenty of targets.
The one line that makes this questionable is, "Collaboration with external platforms to address cross-platform content theft." Whom would they collaborate with on OpenSim's side?
OpenSim itself? There is no company or corporation behind OpenSim, only four or five spare-time hobbyist developers who struggle with keeping up with the development of Second Life in order to stay compatible with third-party Second Life viewers. There isn't any money involved in OpenSim, there is no business behind OpenSim.
The grids? Well, if anything, most grids would not be collaborators, but targets of said legal action.
Only very few grids would collaborate. The major commercial grids certainly would. Kitely, DigiWorldz, the Utopia Skye Grid, probably also @Lone Wolf's Wolf Territories Grid, just to name four. So would OSgrid. As far as I know, they all don't tolerate the import and offering of stolen Second Life assets anyway.
At least the former three don't allow the offering of stolen Second Life content found on other grids either. So all this would only matter to these three if Linden Lab even decided to go against illegal decoration on sims and illegal body parts, clothes and accessories worn by avatars. What makes matters more complicated is that it's often unknown whether something is legal or not, and that it's almost impossible to deck out avatars with only legal content, especially without making them look like 2010.
But many non-commercial grids feel safer from the law. There are big, well-known grids hosted in Western countries which offer avatar accessories stolen from Second Life on their official landing sims, gathered somewhere on the Hypergrid and placed there by official grid staff. Sure, ZetaWorlds wouldn't tolerate another big entryway for stolen Second Life assets like Port ShenZhen which gave the grid a reputation of being a pirate den in the early 2020s. But stolen Second Life content that someone brought in from the Hypergrid seems to be okay.
I'm seriously wondering if these grids were interested in collaborating with Linden Lab in even wiping out the "found somewhere on the Hypergrid" content from the various big and small freebie stores. Granted, I'm wondering if Linden Lab is actually interested in the effort of going that far, also seeing as a lot of stolen sim decoration can be copied straight from where it's placed, too.
My guess is that, when it comes to illegal content that has been in-world for years already, both freebie merchants and grid owners will come with the same excuses:
- "We haven't stolen anything, we've found all this as full-perm freebies on the Hypergrid." Hahaha. Nice try.
- "As long as you don't come up with rock-solid proof for every single one of these items that it was stolen from Second Life, we'll consider them all legal and your accusations false."
- "Athena is not Maitreya Lara. It wasn't taken from Second Life. It's an original OpenSim creation." Well, then how come Onyx LeShelle has asked all freebie merchants in OpenSim to delete all her creations and derivatives thereof from their stores, explicitly including all current and past versions of Athena, effective immediately, in an open letter back in 2015?
- "Athena has been modified from the original Maitreya Lara so much that it has become an original OpenSim creation."
- "Onyx LeShelle has stolen Maitreya Lara herself." Cue the same freebie store owners whining about other people stealing their stolen no-transfer stuff.
- "SLink is out of business, and so Adonis and Decadence-HG are legal now." Yeah, but Maitreya, Signature, Belleza, Catwa, LeLutka etc. are still in business as far as I know.
- "I've bought this myself on the Second Life Marketplace. It's mine, and I can do with it whatever I want." How about no?
- "Linden Lab can't do anything as long as I don't make any real money with this stuff."
- "There literally isn't any other content in OpenSim. OpenSim depends on this."
- "We don't tolerate 'drama' here," followed by a kick and permanent ban.
Well, and then there are the most egregious offenders. The young but immensely popular freebie sims whose owners and merchants steal and import Second Life content themselves. As this is no longer tolerated on most of the bigger grids, all this happens on small grids with sometimes not even half a dozen sims. These grids are usually DreamGrids that run on a Windows computer at the grid owner's home. The grid owner is either friends with the copybotters who run stores on their grid, or they are copybotters and store owners themselves.
There's no way they'll collaborate with Linden Lab. Content theft and piracy is what their grids are living on, maybe with the grid owners' and merchants' private sims and an event location as side-projects. Linden Lab could just as well have the authorities of wherever the grids are hosted send a Cease & Desist letter to the grid owners that force them to shut down these grids. But even then they'll be back half an hour later with a new grid, but with the same sims on it. Or with the exact same grid under a new name. And I wouldn't count on Linden Lab going as far as having e.g. German or Italian police forces raid these grid owners' dwelling-places and seize all digital devices and then going into international lawsuits against them.
Then again, if popular freebie sims on tiny grids do disappear, OpenSimWorld suddenly reports them as offline, and it turns out that the rozzers have come and seized the grid server, and the grid owner as well as all freebie merchants on the grid are facing criminal investigations, all just for copybotting Second Life content, if this happens, I think the OpenSim community will get quite nervous again.
Addendum: Ava Delaney has published a blog post on her blog that gives some more details.
Let's just say that OpenSim can only hope that going after thousands of grids and their owners as well as thousands of freebie sims and their owners is too much of an effort for both the Lab and the authorities, considering there's no money involved in this. For one thing is certain: If it turns out that the Lab does actually take real-life legal action against all kinds of people in OpenSim who have to do with illegal content in this or that way, then OpenSim users will use the new support ticket category as a weapon against other OpenSim users and against entire grids. Wars between grids will likely end in the total destruction both of all grids on at least one side and their entire staff. Especially if it also turns out that the Lab has the power to have such action taken not only in the USA, but also in the EU.
#Long #LongPost #CWLong #CWLongPost #SecondLife #OpenSim #OpenSimulator #Metaverse #VirtualWorlds #Copybotting #Piracy
The teleport between virtual world systems (that actually never happened)
How Linden Lab managed to fool almost everyone with a spectacular tech stunt in 2008
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In mid-2008, at the peak of the Second Life hype, a remarkable project went live which, until today, is unprecedented: the attempt at connecting 3-D virtual worlds from two different developers and sending avatars from one world to another. Some may remember the story of people teleporting from Second Life to OpenSim and the project being abandoned not much later.
Just recently, Wagner James "Hamlet" Au published a new post on his New World Notes blog and took the opportunity again to show OpenSim in a bad light again. His wording even makes it look like OpenSim has long since vanished when it's actually growing faster than Second Life with more than four times of the latter's landmass.
But there's more to the whole story.
Let's look back in time first. Second Life, one of the most successful 3-D virtual worlds ever, was launched in 2002 and opened to the general public in 2003. Being operated by a for-profit, however, it had to make money. It started with pay-to-play, but eventually switched to a revenue model based on land rentals. Plus an increasing number of taxes.
It didn't take long for the Second Life API to be reverse-engineered and alternative 3rd-party viewers to be developed. But eventually, someone who was disgruntled with Second Life's rampantly capitalist system decided to build something against the other side of the API, a free, open-source virtual-world server application similar to Second Life. It was first released the same month that Linden Lab open-sourced the official viewer, January, 2007. At first, it was named "OpenSecondLife", but it was eventually renamed "OpenSimulator".
In July, half a year later, the first public OpenSim grid went online, OSgrid. It is not only the oldest, but one of the two biggest of probably over 4,000 OpenSim grids, having recently surpassed even Second Life's landmass.
At first, all OpenSim grids were stand-alones. If you wanted to visit a certain place in a certain grid, you needed an avatar on that grid. This changed in 2008 when OpenSim developer Diva Kanto introduced the concept of the Hypergrid which connected OpenSim grids in such a way that avatars could travel between them, looks, inventory and all. Like many things in early OpenSim, it was very buggy. But it worked.
The invention of the Hypergrid, the first interconnection between separate virtual worlds, coincided with the Second Life hype. In those days, Second Life was all over tech media. Some media outlets, even including mainstream mass media, had offices in Second Life to be able to see things from up-close and interview avatars and such. Second Life was that big. And the announcement that an open-source Second Life spin-off had just made it possible to travel from one grid to another caught quite a lot of people's attention.
IBM was particularly interested. The Hypergrid looked like the future of virtual worlds to them, especially with the mindset of those days that virtual worlds are the future. And OpenSim was still very close to Second Life in technology. It had to because it depended on third-party Second Life viewers since it had no development capacities for its own viewer.
And so the idea came up to create a network of virtual worlds that should include not only OpenSim grids, but Second Life as well.
In general, IBM got very interested in OpenSim. They offered the OpenSim devs to collaborate and set a few dozen paid developers aside to improve the OpenSim code, especially the fledgling Hypergrid. They also got into contact with Linden Lab to launch a project named Open Grid, a connection between Second Life and the Hypergrid.
On June 30th, 2008, the cooperation between IBM, Linden Lab and the OpenSim developers appeared to come to fruition: A bunch of "gridnauts", both Lindens and IBM developer avatars, "teleported from Second Life to OpenSim". That's the short version of the story.
But first of all, they did not start from the Second Life main grid. A special beta grid was created and even partly decorated for this occasion. For the time being, it was declared impossible to teleport from the Second Life main grid because changes had to be done to the beta grid to make this connection possible. Some of the "gridnauts" kept their avatars as standard Ruths, but a few did some modifications on their looks. Of course, not being on the main grid, they had no access to the assets on the main grid such as clothes.
In addition, this could not be done with the official Second Life viewer. Linden Lab provided a special viewer named the Open Grid Beta Viewer.
The destination of the trip was not, however, an OpenSim grid specifically created for the Open Grid project. It was bone-stock OSgrid. Granted, OSgrid has been running development code since its creation, but there must have been precious little Open-Grid-specific code in it, if any. "IBM's modified code", as cited in the official Second Life wiki article linked above, was probably almost entirely bugfixes plus a few new features that everyone in OpenSim could profit from. This could have included the possibility to register new avatars in a viewer rather than only on the website of a grid.
Torely Linden captured the event on video and edited the footage into a two-minute clip called "Across the Metaverse". Yes, Torely Linden spoke of "the Metaverse" 13 years before Mark Zuckerberg did. But the OSgrid founders did so another year earlier.
When the "gridnauts" arrived on OSgrid, their inventories were empty. Linden Lab explained this was the case because it was technologically impossible to transfer an inventory from Second Life to OpenSim or vice versa.
What few people know: It was all show. A Second Life user and former Open Grid beta-tester called it "smoke and mirrors" on the official Second Life forum.
Linden Lab fooled the public, and Linden Lab probably also fooled both the IBM devs, the beta testers and maybe even some official Lindens until they understood what was actually happening. All that the IBM devs had to do was make OpenSim fit for the event and iron out bugs that might have ended up awkward. IBM was probably working entirely on the OpenSim side of things. Linden Lab took care of the Second Life side, the beta grid and especially the beta viewer, alone without IBM having any insight. Thus, the IBM devs probably never really knew what Linden Lab did, and that the alleged teleportation from Second Life to OpenSim was nothing but a lie.
At no point did any avatar ever actually teleport from a Second Life grid to an OpenSim grid.
What the Open Grid Beta Viewer really did was log the Second Life beta grid avatar out and an OSgrid avatar with the same name in. On the way back, the OSgrid avatar was logged out, and the Second Life beta grid avatar was logged in. When logged into OpenSim, "_EXTERNAL" was added to the name tag after the avatar name.
So what people actually saw during the OpenSim segment of the video footage of this trip weren't Second Life avatars stripped of their inventories. They were OSgrid avatars.
At first glance, this was not too obvious. An avatar from the same grid as the one logged in usually doesn't show its home grid in the name tag above its head. So there was no "@osgrid.org:80" above the heads of the "gridnauts".
Also, as the video footage shows, the whole trip was restricted to a piece of hilly, barren land rather than one of the OSgrid Plazas. Only a few signs had been placed. Otherwise, nothing had been done, nothing had been built. It was obviously a sim created for this specific purpose. Access to this sim was probably limited to a specific group which the OSgrid avatars of the "gridnauts" were added to immediately after their creation. No group names are shown, though; it's either because the Open Grid Beta Viewer had group-showing code removed, or Torley Linden had switched group tags off.
By the way, notice how the name of the sim is censored in the video. Also, notice the absence of OSgrid avatars. Or OpenSim avatars in general. There was no welcome committee.
If you know a thing or two about OpenSim or even only Second Life, however, a few things make painfully obvious that the whole show was just that, a show.
The best sign is Torely's empty inventory. I've seen empty OpenSim inventories. And believe me when I say they're never completely blank. Even if there are no assets in the inventory, even if a grid does not add a pre-filled library with a few things to new avatars' inventories, there's always the basic directory structure. But Torely's video doesn't even show that.
Instead, it says, "No matching items found in inventory." It only says that and looks that blank when something has been searched for and not found. Either the Open Grid Beta Viewer was hard-coded to search for something that would definitely never be in Torely's inventory. Or it reset the search field while being closed and re-opened, but not the search itself. Either way, some search was used to artifically wipe Torely's inventory view clear.
Either Linden Lab thought it'd be easier for clueless casuals watching the video to understand that the inventory is empty when it's actually completely blank, or Torely had something to hide.
It gets even better. Pay close attention to the avatars in the video. Pause it if necessary. Yes, Torely's avatar looks like a standard Ruth on OSgrid. But Torely's avatar on the beta grid is a standard Ruth, too.
Now look at Hamilton Linden. He is wearing a dark top on the beta grid, prior to departure. This top is actually one of the few clothing items whose texture manages to load during the OSgrid segment in spite of the corrupted cache. It's the same dark top as on the beta grid. Everything an avatar wears when teleporting from one grid to another must be in the inventory and remain there. This means that Hamilton Linden has his dark top readily available in OSgrid. Thus, it has to be in his inventory. But if transferring content from a Second Life grid to an OpenSim grid is not possible, how did it get there?
Better yet: Zero Linden is wearing a skirt. On a Second Life or OpenSim classic avatar, it's just another texture layer, but it has to be there. It's grey on Zero Linden, but completely absent from all the other avatars, so it has to be there. Again, how could it possibly have gotten there?
I'll tell you how: At least Hamilton and Zero, just like Torely, knew from the get-go that the whole shindig was as fake as it could ever get. In order to make their avatars recognisable on both sides, they wanted to redo their beta grid look in OSgrid. So they logged into both grids and redid the few changes on their beta grid avatars in comparison to standard Ruth on their OSgrid avatars. All "gridnauts" who were filled in on the scam had previously created avatars on OSgrid. And at least these two couldn't help but customise their avatars. The uninformed "gridnauts" had their OSgrid avatars created for them and probably also had to keep their beta grid avatars stock Ruths.
Torely was right about the inventory not being carried over, though. What the "gridnauts" had in their inventories on OSgrid was either supplied by OSgrid or remade by hand.
It's obvious that Linden Lab had precautions taken to make it more credible. Torely's artificially "blanked" inventory was one part of it.
Another part was the "gridnauts" landing on almost barren land, all alone. There weren't even OSgrid officials present to welcome them and interact with them, at least not in Torely's video edit. The "gridnauts" needed to have this unwelcoming piece of land for themselves for a short while. If OSgrid officials arrived later to greet the "gridnauts", this must intentionally have been left out. Most likely, if they had been there, the Open Grid Beta Viewer would have slapped "_EXTERNAL" on their names as well because it couldn't distinguish between OSgrid avatars owned by admins and OSgrid avatars owned by "gridnauts".
It's even more likely that this sim was not only group access-only, but that the "gridnaut" avatars were the only ones in the group. Even OSgrid officials weren't allowed in. Linden Lab could not risk the presence of non-"gridnaut" avatars. For one, a fully decked-out OSgrid official avatar with "_EXTERNAL" behind the name would have ruined everything. Even worse, OSgrid or other visitors could have made their own video of the whole show. And it would have looked a whole lot different without the trickery demanded by Linden Lab. Don't forget that YouTube already existed in 2008, and much more than today, it was a place where everyone could upload self-made videos.
With all those precautions in place, it's interesting how none were taken to trick OpenSim users into taking this for genuine. They were probably considered too few to be a real danger because nobody outside their own little bubble would even notice them. And with no chance to prove Linden Lab's manipulation with a video of their own, there was little they could do anyway.
For the vast majority of the target audience of Torely's video, the precautions were sufficient. At least Hamilton and Zero re-doing their avatar looks on OSgrid was allowed in order to make them recognisable to people who don't know that an avatar's look is stored in the inventory. Only the few OpenSim users who had already Hypergridded back then knew what that meant. Everyone else, maybe even including some Second Life users, didn't see how this contradicted Torely's tall tale of empty inventories.
Now you may ask yourself: Why did Linden Lab even take all this effort upon themselves?
I can only speculate. But I guess it's because, in stark contrast to IBM, they never really wanted Second Life and OpenSim to fully connect. They wanted to present it as "technically possible, but too unfeasible to continue working on it".
Linden Lab and Second Life would have had nothing to gain from such a connection if it had ever gone fully functional but a whole lot to lose. "Fully functional" would have required taking your entire inventory with you in both directions.
First of all, this would have required adding support for there being more than one grid to Second Life, just so that it could identify avatars from other grids, assets from other grids et cetera. For OpenSim, any Second Life grid would only have been one more grid. Second Life, AnSky, 3rd Rock Grid, Metropolis, it would have been pretty much all the same, only with different names and maybe with different quirks.
At first glance, this connection would have been a dream coming true for businesspeople. OpenSim would have opened up Second Life's markets to more customers. In theory.
In practice, it wouldn't.
OpenSim never had an official inter-grid payment system. In fact, it was only in 2008 that 3rd Rock Grid was launched as the very first grid to implement payment beyond "Monopoly money". And that was an in-world currency that could be bought from real money, but not sold back. And that currency was only available on 3rd Rock Grid. It would have been impossible to introduce the Linden Dollar to OpenSim in general, much less force it upon all grids.
It wouldn't have been worth the effort anyway, seeing as how few users OpenSim had in 2008, especially considering how many users Second Life had. After all, it was Second Life's heyday in full effect.
It also wouldn't have been worth the effort because next to nobody in OpenSim would have bought anything in Second Life anyway. Why should they? Early OpenSim's everyone-for-themselves, all-rights-reserved culture carried over from Second Life was fading away with the arrival of freebies being shared with full permissions. The Queen of Freebies was Linda Kellie, formerly known as Karra Baker in Second Life where she attempted the same thing before Linden Lab kicked her out. She made and released more and more free stuff, and in 2008, she opened up her first freebie sim, Linda Kellie Designs. Everything on that sim was made by her, and everything on that sim could be copied, modified and shared freely.
There simply wasn't much of an incentive to go to Second Life and buy stuff if you could get your stuff for free, full-perm and under a public-domain-like CC0 license in OpenSim. And by 2008's standards, Linda's stuff wasn't even bad. When she still was Karra Baker in Second Life, she was actually considered unfair competition for the commercial creators. And after LK Designs had been launched, an increasing number of OpenSim users started creating stuff and offering it for free and often even full-perm.
And if assets could have been transferred both ways, there would have been a great lot more incentive for Second Life users to go "shopping" in OpenSim. For free. Some may even have taken Linda's CC0 stuff to the Second Life Marketplace and tried to sell it for money until someone else would have come and offered the self-same stuff for free.
Introducing the Linden Dollar and access to the Second Life Marketplace to OpenSim would have led to disaster itself. That's simply because Second Life's permission system isn't nearly as effective in OpenSim as it is in Second Life. After all, anyone can set up their own grid and connect it to the Hypergrid. In this case, even connect it to the Open Grid network and thus to Second Life.
On your own grid, however, you're your own boss, your own Linden. And you have Linden-like powers. In fact, your powers may even exceed those of an average Linden. You have god-mode. Third-party viewers for Second Life that were also compatible with OpenSim provided you with it. And this god-mode not only lets you circumvent permissions, but even manipulate them.
So in theory, an OpenSim user with an own grid and enough money could have gone to Second Life and bought all the hottest stuff in-world. Or they could have bought it on the Marketplace and, if necessary, just picked it up in Second Life. Of course, all this content would have been either no-copy or no-transfer and usually also no-modify. But not for long.
For then they could have rezzed that content in-world, maybe even still in the shape of sales boxes. Then they could have used their god-mode to set all that content to full-perm. And then they could have hung it up in their own store and offered it for free. Even to Second Life users. In fact, they could have gone one step further, made new box art and made themselves the "creators" of this content. And Linden Lab could have tried to DMCA them all they wanted, but to no avail if that grid and its owner were located someplace where U.S. laws don't apply.
In addition, the Open Grid connection would have been bad for Second Life's land rentals, one of Second Life's main sources of revenue. In order to visit friends in Second Life or attend events in Second Life, you would no longer have had to live in Second Life. You could have had not only your avatar in OpenSim, but also your land. More land area and a much higher prim allowance for a fraction of the costs in comparison with Second Life. And in fact, even the friends and the events might have moved to OpenSim, the events particularly because event locations could have been built bigger with more prims on cheaper land.
Creators would have set up at least second homes in OpenSim. There, they would have been able to create and experiment without paying upload fees to Linden Lab. Once their creations would have been done, they simply could have sent them to their Second Life avatars that would have adjusted the permissions and offered them for sale.
All in all, the Open Grid connection was probably recognised to be costly for Linden Lab in various ways. It would have cost a fortune to implement and make stable, also because Second Life would require the majority of changes. Unlike OpenSim, it was not designed to connect to other grids. And after its implementation, Second Life's revenue would have tanked because OpenSim would have provided cheaper or free alternatives to almost everything.
I'm pretty sure that Linden Lab was well aware of at least some of these potential consequences, if not all of them. Under no circumstances was any of this allowed to happen. But IBM wanted it to happen. They didn't know about these consequences because, truth be told, they didn't know much about Second Life and OpenSim in general. And just telling IBM, "We don't want to do it because it'll ruin our revenues," would have looked bad.
At the same time, IBM not having have a realistic idea about what was possible and what wasn't, especially not what was possible or not for Linden Lab, turned out to be an advantage. And so Linden Lab put up a show that demonstrated that what IBM wanted was allegedly basically possible (to satisfy IBM a little), but not very feasible (to disappoint them just enough that they wouldn't follow the Open Grid idea any further). It must have been convincing enough that IBM changed their plans.
That is, IBM didn't drop out of virtual worlds entirely. They continued to support and even develop OpenSim until 2011, hoping to create a free, open, decentralised metaverse without Second Life, only based on OpenSim. I'm not sure what caused this to end. Maybe it was IBM losing interest. Maybe it was IBM not making any money off of it.
If Linden Lab could actually foresee what terrible consequences an Open Grid connection to OpenSim's Hypergrid would bring with itself, it's strange how they could not foresee the consequences when they published the Copybot source code in 2009.
Just recently, Wagner James "Hamlet" Au published a new post on his New World Notes blog and took the opportunity again to show OpenSim in a bad light again. His wording even makes it look like OpenSim has long since vanished when it's actually growing faster than Second Life with more than four times of the latter's landmass.
But there's more to the whole story.
A bit of history
Let's look back in time first. Second Life, one of the most successful 3-D virtual worlds ever, was launched in 2002 and opened to the general public in 2003. Being operated by a for-profit, however, it had to make money. It started with pay-to-play, but eventually switched to a revenue model based on land rentals. Plus an increasing number of taxes.
It didn't take long for the Second Life API to be reverse-engineered and alternative 3rd-party viewers to be developed. But eventually, someone who was disgruntled with Second Life's rampantly capitalist system decided to build something against the other side of the API, a free, open-source virtual-world server application similar to Second Life. It was first released the same month that Linden Lab open-sourced the official viewer, January, 2007. At first, it was named "OpenSecondLife", but it was eventually renamed "OpenSimulator".
In July, half a year later, the first public OpenSim grid went online, OSgrid. It is not only the oldest, but one of the two biggest of probably over 4,000 OpenSim grids, having recently surpassed even Second Life's landmass.
At first, all OpenSim grids were stand-alones. If you wanted to visit a certain place in a certain grid, you needed an avatar on that grid. This changed in 2008 when OpenSim developer Diva Kanto introduced the concept of the Hypergrid which connected OpenSim grids in such a way that avatars could travel between them, looks, inventory and all. Like many things in early OpenSim, it was very buggy. But it worked.
Industry interest
The invention of the Hypergrid, the first interconnection between separate virtual worlds, coincided with the Second Life hype. In those days, Second Life was all over tech media. Some media outlets, even including mainstream mass media, had offices in Second Life to be able to see things from up-close and interview avatars and such. Second Life was that big. And the announcement that an open-source Second Life spin-off had just made it possible to travel from one grid to another caught quite a lot of people's attention.
IBM was particularly interested. The Hypergrid looked like the future of virtual worlds to them, especially with the mindset of those days that virtual worlds are the future. And OpenSim was still very close to Second Life in technology. It had to because it depended on third-party Second Life viewers since it had no development capacities for its own viewer.
And so the idea came up to create a network of virtual worlds that should include not only OpenSim grids, but Second Life as well.
In general, IBM got very interested in OpenSim. They offered the OpenSim devs to collaborate and set a few dozen paid developers aside to improve the OpenSim code, especially the fledgling Hypergrid. They also got into contact with Linden Lab to launch a project named Open Grid, a connection between Second Life and the Hypergrid.
The publicity stunt
On June 30th, 2008, the cooperation between IBM, Linden Lab and the OpenSim developers appeared to come to fruition: A bunch of "gridnauts", both Lindens and IBM developer avatars, "teleported from Second Life to OpenSim". That's the short version of the story.
But first of all, they did not start from the Second Life main grid. A special beta grid was created and even partly decorated for this occasion. For the time being, it was declared impossible to teleport from the Second Life main grid because changes had to be done to the beta grid to make this connection possible. Some of the "gridnauts" kept their avatars as standard Ruths, but a few did some modifications on their looks. Of course, not being on the main grid, they had no access to the assets on the main grid such as clothes.
In addition, this could not be done with the official Second Life viewer. Linden Lab provided a special viewer named the Open Grid Beta Viewer.
The destination of the trip was not, however, an OpenSim grid specifically created for the Open Grid project. It was bone-stock OSgrid. Granted, OSgrid has been running development code since its creation, but there must have been precious little Open-Grid-specific code in it, if any. "IBM's modified code", as cited in the official Second Life wiki article linked above, was probably almost entirely bugfixes plus a few new features that everyone in OpenSim could profit from. This could have included the possibility to register new avatars in a viewer rather than only on the website of a grid.
Torely Linden captured the event on video and edited the footage into a two-minute clip called "Across the Metaverse". Yes, Torely Linden spoke of "the Metaverse" 13 years before Mark Zuckerberg did. But the OSgrid founders did so another year earlier.
When the "gridnauts" arrived on OSgrid, their inventories were empty. Linden Lab explained this was the case because it was technologically impossible to transfer an inventory from Second Life to OpenSim or vice versa.
It was all show
What few people know: It was all show. A Second Life user and former Open Grid beta-tester called it "smoke and mirrors" on the official Second Life forum.
Linden Lab fooled the public, and Linden Lab probably also fooled both the IBM devs, the beta testers and maybe even some official Lindens until they understood what was actually happening. All that the IBM devs had to do was make OpenSim fit for the event and iron out bugs that might have ended up awkward. IBM was probably working entirely on the OpenSim side of things. Linden Lab took care of the Second Life side, the beta grid and especially the beta viewer, alone without IBM having any insight. Thus, the IBM devs probably never really knew what Linden Lab did, and that the alleged teleportation from Second Life to OpenSim was nothing but a lie.
At no point did any avatar ever actually teleport from a Second Life grid to an OpenSim grid.
What the Open Grid Beta Viewer really did was log the Second Life beta grid avatar out and an OSgrid avatar with the same name in. On the way back, the OSgrid avatar was logged out, and the Second Life beta grid avatar was logged in. When logged into OpenSim, "_EXTERNAL" was added to the name tag after the avatar name.
So what people actually saw during the OpenSim segment of the video footage of this trip weren't Second Life avatars stripped of their inventories. They were OSgrid avatars.
At first glance, this was not too obvious. An avatar from the same grid as the one logged in usually doesn't show its home grid in the name tag above its head. So there was no "@osgrid.org:80" above the heads of the "gridnauts".
Also, as the video footage shows, the whole trip was restricted to a piece of hilly, barren land rather than one of the OSgrid Plazas. Only a few signs had been placed. Otherwise, nothing had been done, nothing had been built. It was obviously a sim created for this specific purpose. Access to this sim was probably limited to a specific group which the OSgrid avatars of the "gridnauts" were added to immediately after their creation. No group names are shown, though; it's either because the Open Grid Beta Viewer had group-showing code removed, or Torley Linden had switched group tags off.
By the way, notice how the name of the sim is censored in the video. Also, notice the absence of OSgrid avatars. Or OpenSim avatars in general. There was no welcome committee.
...an obvious show even
If you know a thing or two about OpenSim or even only Second Life, however, a few things make painfully obvious that the whole show was just that, a show.
The best sign is Torely's empty inventory. I've seen empty OpenSim inventories. And believe me when I say they're never completely blank. Even if there are no assets in the inventory, even if a grid does not add a pre-filled library with a few things to new avatars' inventories, there's always the basic directory structure. But Torely's video doesn't even show that.
Instead, it says, "No matching items found in inventory." It only says that and looks that blank when something has been searched for and not found. Either the Open Grid Beta Viewer was hard-coded to search for something that would definitely never be in Torely's inventory. Or it reset the search field while being closed and re-opened, but not the search itself. Either way, some search was used to artifically wipe Torely's inventory view clear.
Either Linden Lab thought it'd be easier for clueless casuals watching the video to understand that the inventory is empty when it's actually completely blank, or Torely had something to hide.
It gets even better. Pay close attention to the avatars in the video. Pause it if necessary. Yes, Torely's avatar looks like a standard Ruth on OSgrid. But Torely's avatar on the beta grid is a standard Ruth, too.
Now look at Hamilton Linden. He is wearing a dark top on the beta grid, prior to departure. This top is actually one of the few clothing items whose texture manages to load during the OSgrid segment in spite of the corrupted cache. It's the same dark top as on the beta grid. Everything an avatar wears when teleporting from one grid to another must be in the inventory and remain there. This means that Hamilton Linden has his dark top readily available in OSgrid. Thus, it has to be in his inventory. But if transferring content from a Second Life grid to an OpenSim grid is not possible, how did it get there?
Better yet: Zero Linden is wearing a skirt. On a Second Life or OpenSim classic avatar, it's just another texture layer, but it has to be there. It's grey on Zero Linden, but completely absent from all the other avatars, so it has to be there. Again, how could it possibly have gotten there?
I'll tell you how: At least Hamilton and Zero, just like Torely, knew from the get-go that the whole shindig was as fake as it could ever get. In order to make their avatars recognisable on both sides, they wanted to redo their beta grid look in OSgrid. So they logged into both grids and redid the few changes on their beta grid avatars in comparison to standard Ruth on their OSgrid avatars. All "gridnauts" who were filled in on the scam had previously created avatars on OSgrid. And at least these two couldn't help but customise their avatars. The uninformed "gridnauts" had their OSgrid avatars created for them and probably also had to keep their beta grid avatars stock Ruths.
Torely was right about the inventory not being carried over, though. What the "gridnauts" had in their inventories on OSgrid was either supplied by OSgrid or remade by hand.
Obvious precautions
It's obvious that Linden Lab had precautions taken to make it more credible. Torely's artificially "blanked" inventory was one part of it.
Another part was the "gridnauts" landing on almost barren land, all alone. There weren't even OSgrid officials present to welcome them and interact with them, at least not in Torely's video edit. The "gridnauts" needed to have this unwelcoming piece of land for themselves for a short while. If OSgrid officials arrived later to greet the "gridnauts", this must intentionally have been left out. Most likely, if they had been there, the Open Grid Beta Viewer would have slapped "_EXTERNAL" on their names as well because it couldn't distinguish between OSgrid avatars owned by admins and OSgrid avatars owned by "gridnauts".
It's even more likely that this sim was not only group access-only, but that the "gridnaut" avatars were the only ones in the group. Even OSgrid officials weren't allowed in. Linden Lab could not risk the presence of non-"gridnaut" avatars. For one, a fully decked-out OSgrid official avatar with "_EXTERNAL" behind the name would have ruined everything. Even worse, OSgrid or other visitors could have made their own video of the whole show. And it would have looked a whole lot different without the trickery demanded by Linden Lab. Don't forget that YouTube already existed in 2008, and much more than today, it was a place where everyone could upload self-made videos.
With all those precautions in place, it's interesting how none were taken to trick OpenSim users into taking this for genuine. They were probably considered too few to be a real danger because nobody outside their own little bubble would even notice them. And with no chance to prove Linden Lab's manipulation with a video of their own, there was little they could do anyway.
For the vast majority of the target audience of Torely's video, the precautions were sufficient. At least Hamilton and Zero re-doing their avatar looks on OSgrid was allowed in order to make them recognisable to people who don't know that an avatar's look is stored in the inventory. Only the few OpenSim users who had already Hypergridded back then knew what that meant. Everyone else, maybe even including some Second Life users, didn't see how this contradicted Torely's tall tale of empty inventories.
But why?
Now you may ask yourself: Why did Linden Lab even take all this effort upon themselves?
I can only speculate. But I guess it's because, in stark contrast to IBM, they never really wanted Second Life and OpenSim to fully connect. They wanted to present it as "technically possible, but too unfeasible to continue working on it".
Linden Lab and Second Life would have had nothing to gain from such a connection if it had ever gone fully functional but a whole lot to lose. "Fully functional" would have required taking your entire inventory with you in both directions.
First of all, this would have required adding support for there being more than one grid to Second Life, just so that it could identify avatars from other grids, assets from other grids et cetera. For OpenSim, any Second Life grid would only have been one more grid. Second Life, AnSky, 3rd Rock Grid, Metropolis, it would have been pretty much all the same, only with different names and maybe with different quirks.
At first glance, this connection would have been a dream coming true for businesspeople. OpenSim would have opened up Second Life's markets to more customers. In theory.
In practice, it wouldn't.
Unfair advantage for OpenSim
OpenSim never had an official inter-grid payment system. In fact, it was only in 2008 that 3rd Rock Grid was launched as the very first grid to implement payment beyond "Monopoly money". And that was an in-world currency that could be bought from real money, but not sold back. And that currency was only available on 3rd Rock Grid. It would have been impossible to introduce the Linden Dollar to OpenSim in general, much less force it upon all grids.
It wouldn't have been worth the effort anyway, seeing as how few users OpenSim had in 2008, especially considering how many users Second Life had. After all, it was Second Life's heyday in full effect.
It also wouldn't have been worth the effort because next to nobody in OpenSim would have bought anything in Second Life anyway. Why should they? Early OpenSim's everyone-for-themselves, all-rights-reserved culture carried over from Second Life was fading away with the arrival of freebies being shared with full permissions. The Queen of Freebies was Linda Kellie, formerly known as Karra Baker in Second Life where she attempted the same thing before Linden Lab kicked her out. She made and released more and more free stuff, and in 2008, she opened up her first freebie sim, Linda Kellie Designs. Everything on that sim was made by her, and everything on that sim could be copied, modified and shared freely.
There simply wasn't much of an incentive to go to Second Life and buy stuff if you could get your stuff for free, full-perm and under a public-domain-like CC0 license in OpenSim. And by 2008's standards, Linda's stuff wasn't even bad. When she still was Karra Baker in Second Life, she was actually considered unfair competition for the commercial creators. And after LK Designs had been launched, an increasing number of OpenSim users started creating stuff and offering it for free and often even full-perm.
And if assets could have been transferred both ways, there would have been a great lot more incentive for Second Life users to go "shopping" in OpenSim. For free. Some may even have taken Linda's CC0 stuff to the Second Life Marketplace and tried to sell it for money until someone else would have come and offered the self-same stuff for free.
Introducing the Linden Dollar and access to the Second Life Marketplace to OpenSim would have led to disaster itself. That's simply because Second Life's permission system isn't nearly as effective in OpenSim as it is in Second Life. After all, anyone can set up their own grid and connect it to the Hypergrid. In this case, even connect it to the Open Grid network and thus to Second Life.
On your own grid, however, you're your own boss, your own Linden. And you have Linden-like powers. In fact, your powers may even exceed those of an average Linden. You have god-mode. Third-party viewers for Second Life that were also compatible with OpenSim provided you with it. And this god-mode not only lets you circumvent permissions, but even manipulate them.
So in theory, an OpenSim user with an own grid and enough money could have gone to Second Life and bought all the hottest stuff in-world. Or they could have bought it on the Marketplace and, if necessary, just picked it up in Second Life. Of course, all this content would have been either no-copy or no-transfer and usually also no-modify. But not for long.
For then they could have rezzed that content in-world, maybe even still in the shape of sales boxes. Then they could have used their god-mode to set all that content to full-perm. And then they could have hung it up in their own store and offered it for free. Even to Second Life users. In fact, they could have gone one step further, made new box art and made themselves the "creators" of this content. And Linden Lab could have tried to DMCA them all they wanted, but to no avail if that grid and its owner were located someplace where U.S. laws don't apply.
In addition, the Open Grid connection would have been bad for Second Life's land rentals, one of Second Life's main sources of revenue. In order to visit friends in Second Life or attend events in Second Life, you would no longer have had to live in Second Life. You could have had not only your avatar in OpenSim, but also your land. More land area and a much higher prim allowance for a fraction of the costs in comparison with Second Life. And in fact, even the friends and the events might have moved to OpenSim, the events particularly because event locations could have been built bigger with more prims on cheaper land.
Creators would have set up at least second homes in OpenSim. There, they would have been able to create and experiment without paying upload fees to Linden Lab. Once their creations would have been done, they simply could have sent them to their Second Life avatars that would have adjusted the permissions and offered them for sale.
All in all, the Open Grid connection was probably recognised to be costly for Linden Lab in various ways. It would have cost a fortune to implement and make stable, also because Second Life would require the majority of changes. Unlike OpenSim, it was not designed to connect to other grids. And after its implementation, Second Life's revenue would have tanked because OpenSim would have provided cheaper or free alternatives to almost everything.
Tying an overambitious corporation down
I'm pretty sure that Linden Lab was well aware of at least some of these potential consequences, if not all of them. Under no circumstances was any of this allowed to happen. But IBM wanted it to happen. They didn't know about these consequences because, truth be told, they didn't know much about Second Life and OpenSim in general. And just telling IBM, "We don't want to do it because it'll ruin our revenues," would have looked bad.
At the same time, IBM not having have a realistic idea about what was possible and what wasn't, especially not what was possible or not for Linden Lab, turned out to be an advantage. And so Linden Lab put up a show that demonstrated that what IBM wanted was allegedly basically possible (to satisfy IBM a little), but not very feasible (to disappoint them just enough that they wouldn't follow the Open Grid idea any further). It must have been convincing enough that IBM changed their plans.
That is, IBM didn't drop out of virtual worlds entirely. They continued to support and even develop OpenSim until 2011, hoping to create a free, open, decentralised metaverse without Second Life, only based on OpenSim. I'm not sure what caused this to end. Maybe it was IBM losing interest. Maybe it was IBM not making any money off of it.
If Linden Lab could actually foresee what terrible consequences an Open Grid connection to OpenSim's Hypergrid would bring with itself, it's strange how they could not foresee the consequences when they published the Copybot source code in 2009.
PBR and the shitstorm against the new Firestorm
How the new version of the Firestorm viewer with support for Physically-Based Rendering enrages its users
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As to be expected, the Second Life community is completely exploding over PBR, now that the single most popular viewer has rolled out the first version with Physically-Based Rendering. And I don't mean exploding with cheer.
The announcement thread on Reddit shows people with Nvidia GeForce RTX cards who suddenly have slideshow-like FPS for some reason. I must admit this makes me wonder because I get fairly great results out of a Radeon RX590 which is even less high-end. Under Linux. With an open-source driver from the Debian testing repos. In OpenSim, but that shouldn't make so much of a difference unless Second Life surrounds you with 2K PBR content everywhere now.
Another Reddit thread is about how Second Life users take their frustration out on the volunteer Firestorm support in Second Life as in in-world. They catch all the anger that should rather go directly to Linden Lab.
Despite what some users experience with dedicated video hardware that partly isn't even six years old, it's apparent that many of those who complain about the PBR viewers being slow are on toasters that shouldn't have been used for anything 3-D in the first place, especially not virtual worlds full of amateur-made, unoptimised content. Worlds in which optimisation is quality degradation, and ARC is a measurement for good looks.
At least among the Firestorm users, over 10% of them are on mobile hardware that's at least ten years old which usually means on-board graphics. In fact, people are still whining over 32-bit Windows support being axed because their only (or most powerful) computer is so ancient that it still boots 32-bit Windows. And yet, they use it for 3-D virtual worlds because they haven't been able to afford any computer, new or used, in a decade and a half.
So the sharp drop in FPS came not only from a new rendering engine, but also from turning stuff on that was off before and then ripping off the switches. Advanced lighting model, bump maps and normal maps, transparent water, shaders, light sources other than the Sun, the Moon and ambient...
The irony is that Linden Lab and the Firestorm team decided to turn the Advanced Lighting Model including normal maps and specular maps permanently on to make normal maps more convenient and more attractive for content creators. I mean, what they currently do is make their content for potato computers on which all graphical bells and whistles have to be turned off, including normal maps. So how do you make small surface details if you can't rely on normal maps? You build them into the mesh itself, making it vastly more complex in the course and cutting into everyone's FPS.
It's also apparent that nobody could be bothered to read up about PBR. Many seem utterly surprised about the FPS drop. They're used to Firestorm becoming slower and slower to them with every release, but not by such degrees. They seem not to have read that this would happen.
The complaints about how stuff suddenly looks differently come for the same reason: People didn't read up on PBR. They seem to think that PBR is ALM with mirrors instead of an entirely new lighting and rendering model. However, PBR also includes High Dynamic Range, and at least in Second Life, both forward rendering and the old ALM have such a low dynamic range that they render everything in pastel tones, and content creators had to tint everything in garishly cartoonish colours to balance that.
What's happening is largely exactly the same as whenever Linden Lab introduces something new: Conservative users reject it because they reject all changes that actually change stuff and can't be turned off. I guess the outcry when viewers dropped the mesh option and permanently forced everyone to see mesh must have been as big as the outcry when mesh was introduced.
At this point, it really is a pity that there's no real OpenSim forum on which people from all grids can congregate and discuss things. OpenSimWorld has built-in forums, but hardly anyone knows because nobody ever pays attention to the left-hand sidebar.
If there was a central place to discuss OpenSim matters, I guess the outcry against the new Firestorm would come a bit more slowly, but be even more extreme, and even more people would be opposed to it and PBR in general. Including those who say they'll never upgrade to Firestorm 7 while still using Firestorm 6.5.6 or 6.4.21 or so.
There would be four reasons for this. One, while the Second Life community is already so old that it needs newbies who stick around to equal users passing away, the OpenSim community manages to be even older on average, and that means even more conservative. Even more than Second Life users, OpenSim users are likely to want OpenSim back the way it was when they joined. There are still people in OpenSim who vocally oppose mesh. And it isn't too unnormal in OpenSim for users who have been around for long enough to have avatars on a 2010 or even 2007 level whereas you risk being ostracised in Second Life if your mesh body is older than 12 months.
Two, OpenSim is basically Second Life for those who can't afford Second Life. You can get land for dirt cheap, and you can get e.g. a Maitreya LaraX, LeLutka EvoX heads and Doux EvoX skins and hair for absolutely free. The latter isn't legal, but still. So it isn't only the cheapskates and the anti-capitalists who flock into OpenSim, but especially those who genuinely don't have the money to have a decent Second Life experience. And if they don't have money for that, it's highly unlikely that they have money for a decent computer. In other words, many of those who use the Firestorm Viewer on mobile hardware from before 2015 are probably OpenSim users. OpenSim has to have an even higher number of toasters per 1,000 users than Second Life.
Three, and this comes on top: Second Life has a three-versions rule. Only the three most recent versions of any given viewer are allowed to connect. OpenSim doesn't have such a rule. Certain grids or sims might limit which viewers their visitors are allowed to use and mostly do so to keep copybotters out, but in general, such a rule doesn't exist. You can use OpenSim with a Firestorm 5.x if you want to, and if you're living in a bubble on a grid that still runs on OpenSim 0.8.2.1 in which next to nobody has a mesh body, and nobody uses BoM. Absolutely having to upgrade your viewer is not part of OpenSim's culture. Instead, it's perfectly normal to keep using old viewers if you reject certain new features, e.g. EEP.
And four, most OpenSim users aren't even used to seeing Blinn-Phong, i.e. the old normal map and specular map model. Most of the time when content is illegally exported from Second Life and put back together, normal maps and specular maps are omitted. Doing so saves time that can be used to churn out more stuff which probably also explains why some importers don't even add the missing AVsitter back into furniture unless it's sex furniture. And besides, so many OpenSim users are on toasters and have normal maps and specular maps off anyway, and it isn't worth adding what next to nobody can see. It's really mostly only a few of OpenSim's own original creators who add normal maps and specular maps, but their creations aren't available on the big popular freebie sims where everyone picks up their stuff nowadays.
So criticism on PBR in OpenSim would be mixed with a lot of "change is bad" attitude. Expect people demanding OpenSim's development split from Second Life's, and OpenSim finally get its own viewer, just so that OpenSim doesn't have to take over all the "new crap" that Linden Lab whips up. Expect some saying this should have happened long ago, up to the point of some old-timers saying that the introduction of mesh was a mistake already and basically wanting OpenSim to look like Second Life did in 2008 for all eternity because that's what they're used to. And that's what they think their toasters can handle because they've all but forgotten what it's like to be surrounded by thousands of prims.
The announcement thread on Reddit shows people with Nvidia GeForce RTX cards who suddenly have slideshow-like FPS for some reason. I must admit this makes me wonder because I get fairly great results out of a Radeon RX590 which is even less high-end. Under Linux. With an open-source driver from the Debian testing repos. In OpenSim, but that shouldn't make so much of a difference unless Second Life surrounds you with 2K PBR content everywhere now.
Another Reddit thread is about how Second Life users take their frustration out on the volunteer Firestorm support in Second Life as in in-world. They catch all the anger that should rather go directly to Linden Lab.
Despite what some users experience with dedicated video hardware that partly isn't even six years old, it's apparent that many of those who complain about the PBR viewers being slow are on toasters that shouldn't have been used for anything 3-D in the first place, especially not virtual worlds full of amateur-made, unoptimised content. Worlds in which optimisation is quality degradation, and ARC is a measurement for good looks.
At least among the Firestorm users, over 10% of them are on mobile hardware that's at least ten years old which usually means on-board graphics. In fact, people are still whining over 32-bit Windows support being axed because their only (or most powerful) computer is so ancient that it still boots 32-bit Windows. And yet, they use it for 3-D virtual worlds because they haven't been able to afford any computer, new or used, in a decade and a half.
So the sharp drop in FPS came not only from a new rendering engine, but also from turning stuff on that was off before and then ripping off the switches. Advanced lighting model, bump maps and normal maps, transparent water, shaders, light sources other than the Sun, the Moon and ambient...
The irony is that Linden Lab and the Firestorm team decided to turn the Advanced Lighting Model including normal maps and specular maps permanently on to make normal maps more convenient and more attractive for content creators. I mean, what they currently do is make their content for potato computers on which all graphical bells and whistles have to be turned off, including normal maps. So how do you make small surface details if you can't rely on normal maps? You build them into the mesh itself, making it vastly more complex in the course and cutting into everyone's FPS.
It's also apparent that nobody could be bothered to read up about PBR. Many seem utterly surprised about the FPS drop. They're used to Firestorm becoming slower and slower to them with every release, but not by such degrees. They seem not to have read that this would happen.
The complaints about how stuff suddenly looks differently come for the same reason: People didn't read up on PBR. They seem to think that PBR is ALM with mirrors instead of an entirely new lighting and rendering model. However, PBR also includes High Dynamic Range, and at least in Second Life, both forward rendering and the old ALM have such a low dynamic range that they render everything in pastel tones, and content creators had to tint everything in garishly cartoonish colours to balance that.
What's happening is largely exactly the same as whenever Linden Lab introduces something new: Conservative users reject it because they reject all changes that actually change stuff and can't be turned off. I guess the outcry when viewers dropped the mesh option and permanently forced everyone to see mesh must have been as big as the outcry when mesh was introduced.
At this point, it really is a pity that there's no real OpenSim forum on which people from all grids can congregate and discuss things. OpenSimWorld has built-in forums, but hardly anyone knows because nobody ever pays attention to the left-hand sidebar.
If there was a central place to discuss OpenSim matters, I guess the outcry against the new Firestorm would come a bit more slowly, but be even more extreme, and even more people would be opposed to it and PBR in general. Including those who say they'll never upgrade to Firestorm 7 while still using Firestorm 6.5.6 or 6.4.21 or so.
There would be four reasons for this. One, while the Second Life community is already so old that it needs newbies who stick around to equal users passing away, the OpenSim community manages to be even older on average, and that means even more conservative. Even more than Second Life users, OpenSim users are likely to want OpenSim back the way it was when they joined. There are still people in OpenSim who vocally oppose mesh. And it isn't too unnormal in OpenSim for users who have been around for long enough to have avatars on a 2010 or even 2007 level whereas you risk being ostracised in Second Life if your mesh body is older than 12 months.
Two, OpenSim is basically Second Life for those who can't afford Second Life. You can get land for dirt cheap, and you can get e.g. a Maitreya LaraX, LeLutka EvoX heads and Doux EvoX skins and hair for absolutely free. The latter isn't legal, but still. So it isn't only the cheapskates and the anti-capitalists who flock into OpenSim, but especially those who genuinely don't have the money to have a decent Second Life experience. And if they don't have money for that, it's highly unlikely that they have money for a decent computer. In other words, many of those who use the Firestorm Viewer on mobile hardware from before 2015 are probably OpenSim users. OpenSim has to have an even higher number of toasters per 1,000 users than Second Life.
Three, and this comes on top: Second Life has a three-versions rule. Only the three most recent versions of any given viewer are allowed to connect. OpenSim doesn't have such a rule. Certain grids or sims might limit which viewers their visitors are allowed to use and mostly do so to keep copybotters out, but in general, such a rule doesn't exist. You can use OpenSim with a Firestorm 5.x if you want to, and if you're living in a bubble on a grid that still runs on OpenSim 0.8.2.1 in which next to nobody has a mesh body, and nobody uses BoM. Absolutely having to upgrade your viewer is not part of OpenSim's culture. Instead, it's perfectly normal to keep using old viewers if you reject certain new features, e.g. EEP.
And four, most OpenSim users aren't even used to seeing Blinn-Phong, i.e. the old normal map and specular map model. Most of the time when content is illegally exported from Second Life and put back together, normal maps and specular maps are omitted. Doing so saves time that can be used to churn out more stuff which probably also explains why some importers don't even add the missing AVsitter back into furniture unless it's sex furniture. And besides, so many OpenSim users are on toasters and have normal maps and specular maps off anyway, and it isn't worth adding what next to nobody can see. It's really mostly only a few of OpenSim's own original creators who add normal maps and specular maps, but their creations aren't available on the big popular freebie sims where everyone picks up their stuff nowadays.
So criticism on PBR in OpenSim would be mixed with a lot of "change is bad" attitude. Expect people demanding OpenSim's development split from Second Life's, and OpenSim finally get its own viewer, just so that OpenSim doesn't have to take over all the "new crap" that Linden Lab whips up. Expect some saying this should have happened long ago, up to the point of some old-timers saying that the introduction of mesh was a mistake already and basically wanting OpenSim to look like Second Life did in 2008 for all eternity because that's what they're used to. And that's what they think their toasters can handle because they've all but forgotten what it's like to be surrounded by thousands of prims.
Things that'll happen at OpenSim parties
If you're a frequent partygoer in OpenSim, you're likely to know at least some of these
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- In general, people who are genuinely completely clueless about what kind of event they teleport to. They haven't read any announcements, not in any group, not on an in-world billboard with built-in teleporter, not on OpenSimWorld. They might not even know that the website OpenSimWorld exists. They just took an OpenSimWorld beacon which to them is nothing but a teleporter and picked one of the top three sims with the most avatars on them.
- The location has a dress code. The event has the same dress code. But the only ones who follow the dress code instead of coming as they are are the DJ, the sim owners and maybe one avatar who loves to show off their stylistic flexibility or their audacity to actually go nude when nudity is encouraged.
- Happens mostly at events that start at 9 PM UTC or earlier: In the middle of the party, someone entirely new shows up and greets everyone in their home language. Which is not the language that's spoken at the party. For example, an Italian who speaks neither German nor English at a German party. That someone stays for maybe ten minutes before teleporting out again, disappointed because people didn't start talking Italian instead of German, nor did everyone immediately put on a translator.
- Variant: There are enough regulars who don't speak the official event language for everyone to have to wear two or three translators, cluttering the local chat with translations of everything, including chat spam gestures.
- Someone teleports onto the party sim, stands around for five to ten minutes and teleports back out again. That's because they didn't land directly at the party. As they don't see the party right in front of their virtual nose, they can't figure out where it is. Sometimes not even when the party is inside a building, and they landed right outside the entrance door.
- The bigger the event, the more people can't hold back their chat spam gestures. Like, if there are a dozen people or fewer, nobody chat-spams, and you can actually chat. If there are two dozen people or more, every other guest chat-spams, rendering the local chat useless as a chat.
- There's a DJ desk on the sim. There's a poseball behind the DJ desk, or the DJ desk has a built-in sit script with DJ animations. But the DJ's avatar is dancing on the dance floor.
- Voice moderation, and the DJ forgets to turn the mic off afterwards.
- Voice moderation, and the DJ fails to turn the mic on before saying something. Bonus points for turning it on after saying something.
- The DJ announces a fairly long piece of music, six minutes or more. And a toilet break.
- Events with a musical theme, but song wishes that have absolutely nothing to do with the theme. That's often not although, but because the wisher attends these events regularly. They never read any announcements because they don't have to, because they know for certain where and when this event is going to be. So they don't even know where the events are announced as they never look it up. Besides, they know nothing about musical genres or eras or such, and they don't care. And so they wish for a classic rock song, a 1990s eurodance tune or some disco-fox schlager in the middle of a reggae party at which they're the only avatar who isn't dressed in Rasta colours and smoking virtual pot.
Bonus points for the DJ actually playing that song. - First-time visitors who are completely irritated upon finding out that there is such a thing as musical themes at DJ events.
- First-time visitors who are completely irritated upon finding out that "musical theme" doesn't always mean EDM because they find themselves in the middle of something like a krautrock set.
- First-time visitors who are completely irritated upon finding out that a "musical theme" doesn't even necessarily have to be one musical genre, but it can also be a topic that's covered by lots of different genres. Songs about love, songs about the colour black, songs about vehicles, songs about other musicians, songs produced by Alan Parsons, originals of covers that are vastly more well-known than the originals, cool recent indie releases on Bandcamp, songs from 1970s' Italy etc.
- The DJ plays the album version of something of which people only know the single/radio edit. People silently judge the DJ as being lazy and having deliberately stretched the set with overly long songs.
- The DJ plays the single/radio version of something that has a much longer album version. The music nerds judge the DJ as being incompetent.
- People leave during the last few minutes of the event, during the last song. And the last song has been announced as such.
- The DJ leaves during the last song because their job is done. Bonus points if they don't have an immediately following DJ set elsewhere to teleport to.
- New people arrive during the last five minutes of the event. That's usually Americans who come to a European party. First they're surprised that the event is about to end. Then they're surprised to learn that there are events in OpenSim not run by Americans.
- The event is over, but after ten minutes or even later, there are still one or two avatars dancing. Either their users not only went AFK, but don't follow the stream closely enough to have noticed that it has switched or stopped entirely. Or they've tried to teleport out but failed, leaving a ghost avatar behind that remains until either they come back into the grid, or the sim is restarted. Or they've fallen asleep.
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